{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:19:48Z","timestamp":1761059988392},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440115200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To improve diagnostic tools, immunotherapies and vaccine development for trichinellosis surveillance and control there is a need to understand the host immune responses induced during infection with <jats:italic>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/jats:italic>, a tissue-dwelling nematode. In this study, we sought to determine immune responses induced in mice during <jats:italic>T. zimbabwensis<\/jats:italic> infection. The parasite strain used (Code ISS1209) was derived from a naturally infected crocodile (<jats:italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/jats:italic>) and is the main <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> species prevalent in southern Africa. Sixty 6- to 8-week-old female BALB\/c mice were randomly assigned to two equal groups: <jats:italic>T. zimbabwensis<\/jats:italic>-infected (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=\u00a030) and the non-infected control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=\u00a030). Levels of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-4 (IL-4) as well as parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibody responses were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cytokines and antibodies provided information on T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-type, T-regulatory and antibody responses. Results showed that during the intestinal stage of infection, higher levels of parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a0 0.05) and IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a0 0.001) were observed in the <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>-infected group compared with the non-infected control group. In the parasite establishment and tissue migration phases, levels of IgG1 and IgG3 were elevated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a0 0.001), while those of IgM (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u00a0 0.01) declined on days 21 and 35 post infection (pi) compared to the enteric phase. Our findings show that distinct differences in Th1- and Th2-type and T-regulatory responses are induced during the intestinal, tissue migration and larval establishment stages of <jats:italic>T. zimbabwensis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x15000723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T09:48:18Z","timestamp":1440150498000},"page":"547-554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential immune responses in mice infected with the tissue-dwelling nematode <i>Trichinella zimbabwensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"W.N.","family":"Onkoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Chimbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Kamau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mukaratirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.064"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.039"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref51","first-page":"301","article-title":"Comparison of the infectivity of Trichinella zimbabwensis in indigenous Zimbabwean pigs (Mukota) and exotic Large White pigs","volume":"4","author":"Matenga","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v2i0.18365"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00761.x"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref22","first-page":"517052","article-title":"Th17: a new participant in gut dysfunction in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediators of Inflammation"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.005"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/523875"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00128-4"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)01958-5"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.12.010"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.029"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.08.004"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00066-1"},{"key":"S0022149X15000723_ref58","unstructured":"Murrell K.D. , Dorny P. , Flisser A. , Nash T. & Pawlowski Z. 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