{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:45:26Z","timestamp":1761489926307},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease, causing permanent and long-term disability with severe immunopathology. Abundant larval transcript (ALT) plays a crucial role in parasite establishment in the host, due to its multi-faceted ability in host immune regulation. Although ALT protein is a key filarial target, its exact function is yet to be explored. Here, we report epitope mapping and a structural model of<jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>ALT-2, leading to development of a multi-epitope vaccine. Structural analysis revealed that ALT represents unique parasitic defence proteins belonging to a toxin family that carries a \u2018knottin\u2019 fold. ALT-2 has been a favourite vaccine antigen and was protective in filarial models. Due to the immunological significance of ALT-2, we mapped B-cell epitopes systematically and identified two epitope clusters, 1\u201330 and 89\u2013128. To explore the prophylactic potential of epitope clusters, a recombinant multi-epitopic gene comprising the epitopic domains was engineered and the protective efficacy of recombinant ALT epitope protein (AEP) was tested in the permissive model,<jats:italic>Mastomys coucha<\/jats:italic>. AEP elicited potent antibody responses with predominant IgG1 isotype and conferred significantly high protection (74.59%) compared to ALT-2 (61.95%). This proved that these epitopic domains are responsible for the protective efficacy of ALT-2 and engineering protective epitopes as a multi-epitope protein may be a novel vaccine strategy for complex parasitic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x16000055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]],"date-time":"2016-02-19T06:38:34Z","timestamp":1455863914000},"page":"43-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epitope mapping of<i>Brugia malayi<\/i>ALT-2 and the development of a multi-epitope vaccine for lymphatic filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Madhumathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.R.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.N.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.A.","family":"Karande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.V.R.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kaliraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00165-1"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(03)74020-8"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.04.018"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.221"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4174-4179.2000"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref40","first-page":"277","article-title":"Filarial infections of Mastomys natalensis and their relevance for experimental chemotherapy","volume":"38","author":"S\u00e4nger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444904019158"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60585-4"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.028"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892008240"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.10.1583"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.319","article-title":"Evaluation of immunoprophylactic efficacy of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) in single and multiple antigen vaccination with BmALT-2 and BmTPX for human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"80","author":"Vanam","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.10393"},{"key":"S0022149X16000055_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha S. & Raghava G.P.S. 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