{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:06:53Z","timestamp":1780668413390,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Efficacious therapeutic strategies against lymphatic filariasis are always sought after. However, natural products are a promising resource for developing effective antifilarial agents. Azadirachtin, a significant tetranortriterpenoid phytocompound found in<jats:italic>Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>, was evaluated<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>for antifilarial potential against the filarial parasite<jats:italic>Setaria cervi<\/jats:italic>. Dye exclusion and MTT assay confirmed the antifilarial potential of azadirachtin against<jats:italic>S. cervi<\/jats:italic>with a median lethal dose (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 6.28 \u03bcg\/ml for microfilariae (mf), and 9.55 \u03bcg\/ml for adult parasites. Morphological aberrations were prominent in the histological sections of the azadirachtin-exposed parasites. Moreover, alterations in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) parameters in treated parasites were evident. Induction of apoptosis in treated parasites was confirmed by DNA laddering, acridine orange (AO)\/ethidium bromide (EtBr) double staining and<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>DNA fragmentation. The downregulation of anti-apoptotic CED-9 and upregulation of proapoptotic EGL-1, CED-4 and CED-3 at both the transcription and translation levels confirmed apoptosis execution at the molecular level. Changes in the gene expressions of nuc-1, cps-6 and crn-1 further clarified the molecular cause of DNA degradation. Furthermore, azadirachtin was found to be non-toxic in both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>toxicity analyses. Therefore, the experimental evidence detailed the pharmacological effectiveness of azadirachtin as a possible therapeutic agent against filariasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x18000615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T07:39:03Z","timestamp":1532331543000},"page":"519-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antifilarial activity of azadirachtin fuelled through reactive oxygen species induced apoptosis: a thorough molecular study on Setaria cervi"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Joardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.P.","family":"Sinha Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA03732D"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.022"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref36","first-page":"495","volume":"48","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200300749"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00153-8"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref34","first-page":"22","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"key":"S0022149X18000615_ref40","volume-title":"The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. 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