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Association of a parasite species with a host species may be influenced primarily by phylogenetic constraints that cause parasite species to co-speciate with their host species, or predominantly by ecological parameters that influence all other co-evolutionary scenarios. This study aimed to investigate the role of co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios in influencing the assemblages of tapeworm parasites (marine cestodes) in skate hosts (Rajiformes) using a modification of the PACo (Procrustean Approach to Cophylogeny) method. The study found that phylogeny and host ecology are both significant predictors of skate\u2013tapeworm relationships, implying that co-speciation as well as other co-evolutionary scenarios are shaping these associations. The study also investigated the key ecological parameters influencing host-switching and found that host diet, distribution depth, average body size and geographical location have a combined effect. Given the importance of parasites in ensuring healthy and stable marine ecosystems, the findings of this study have implications for conservation management worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x18000809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T02:16:02Z","timestamp":1536718562000},"page":"738-751","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Role of ecology and phylogeny in determining tapeworm assemblages in skates (Rajiformes)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6625-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Beer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.S.","family":"Randhawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.04.007"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01057"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref45","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Tangled Trees: Phylogeny, Cospeciation, and Coevolution","author":"Page","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref52","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref66","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Rays of the World","author":"White","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(93)90041-V"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13316"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.01.019"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss020"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037268"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201500150X"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref11","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Marine Parasitology","author":"Caira","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00106-X"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12104"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44766"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref65","first-page":"431","article-title":"Past, present and future of host\u2013parasite co-extinctions","volume":"4","author":"Strona","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0867-2"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0413"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/754.1"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/IS15040"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref13","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (2008\u20132017): Tapeworms From the Vertebrate Bowels of the Earth","author":"Caira","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-007-9227-4"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref4","first-page":"314","article-title":"The diets of four Bathyraja skates (Elasmobranchii, Arhynchobatidae) from the Southwest Atlantic","volume":"38","author":"Belleggia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cybium"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.03.003"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1645\/14-516.1","article-title":"A digest of elasmobranch tapeworms","volume":"100","author":"Caira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7188-5-16"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132294"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00206-5"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2010.00070.x"},{"key":"S0022149X18000809_ref3","unstructured":"Balbuena, JA (2017) Package \u2018paco\u2019. 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