{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T07:26:44Z","timestamp":1768807604741,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":178,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>The alveolar hydatid disease, also known as alveolar echinococcosis, of humans is certainly one of the most dangerous zoonoses worldwide. The disease is caused by <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic> \u2013 the fox tapeworm. Red foxes (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) are currently counted as the most important carriers (reservoirs) of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> in the Northern Hemisphere. The possible routes of infection of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> to humans are complex and still require research. Until now, it has been unknown whether <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs can be moved by wind at all. This analysis shows, based on calculations, that <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs can be transported by wind. Using a mathematical model, flight distances depending on wind speed and take-off heights are calculated for dense and less dense (coniferous) forest areas. The results \u2013 differentiated for seasons and as overall average \u2013 are based on mean values of wind speeds which were measured over a ten-year period in an experimental forest stand in the Solling (Germany). Due to their rate of descent, wind-related spreading of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs is possible. The average flight distance covered by <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs in forest areas, depending on their starting altitude and wind speed, is between approximately 1.3 m and approximately 17 m. From the mathematical point of view, the wind factor can definitely be seen as one of the multiple vectors associated with environmental contamination by <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs. Consequently, the possible wind-borne spread of <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic> eggs poses an infection risk to humans that should be considered and requires further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x22000360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T08:02:11Z","timestamp":1656403331000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Wind-borne dispersion of <i>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/i> eggs \u2013 a flight model"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Siegert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8392-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2011.01.023"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.07.003"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref28","first-page":"109","article-title":"Ver\u00e4nderung der Elementvorr\u00e4te im Boden von Buchen- und Fichten\u00f6kosystemen im Solling [Changes in element stocks in the soil of beech and spruce ecosystems in Solling]","volume":"7","author":"Meesenburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Berichte Freiburger Forstliche Forschung"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00424-1"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3176\/oil.2011.1S.11"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.4.439"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref12","first-page":"669","volume-title":"Oxford textbook of zoonoses: Biology, clinical practice, and public health control","author":"Eckert","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002731"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref3","volume-title":"The world of physics","author":"Avison","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dispersion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs from infected dogs under natural conditions in Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"94","author":"S\u00e1nchez Thevenet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.09.004"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.11.002"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2005124339"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"S0022149X22000360_ref43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1982) Report on FAO\/UNEP\/WHO meeting on research requirements in echinococcosis\/hydatidosis and taeniasis\/cysticercosis. 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