{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:54:13Z","timestamp":1747173253233,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":360,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Limited studies provide direct evidence of <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic> adults in the early stage of gallbladder stone formation. Our current research systematically studied 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult worms and shed light on the definite connection of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection with concomitant cholelithiasis. A total of 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> worms were systematically analysed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrometry were used to analyse the composition and microstructure. Meanwhile, a histopathological examination of the stone was carried out. The 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> worms included nine calcium carbonate (CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) stones, 12 bilirubinate stones and 12 mixed stones. <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic> eggs were found in 30 cases, including all CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and mixed stones. Parasite tissues were detected in 12 cases, which were mainly CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> stones or bilirubinate\u2013CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> mixed stones. The outer layer of stones was wrapped with 12.88% calcium salt, as revealed by X-ray energy spectrometry, while surprisingly, many <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> eggs were found in the inner part of these stones. Based on our current findings, we concluded that calcification and packaging occurred after <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> adult entrance into the gallbladder, subsequently leading to the early formation of CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> or bilirubinate\u2013CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> mixed gallbladder stones. This discovery highlights definite evidence for <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection causing gallbladder stones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x22000773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1672131861000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic study on 33 gallbladder stones resembling adult <i>Clonorchis sinensis<\/i> worms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-5960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.-h.","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.-f.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.-y.","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"X.-b.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60313-0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref14","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22857"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref9","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v18i3.49219"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.06.007"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref30","DOI":"10.1159\/000516418"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref20","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3673472"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref29","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1182583"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref10","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.24"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01195-1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref12","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12959"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-138"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3679-y"},{"key":"S0022149X22000773_ref28","first-page":"B5438","article-title":"New determinants for gallstone disease?","volume":"65","author":"Shabanzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Danish Medical Journal"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-013-0847-y"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref25","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00946-13"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref15","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i2.13433"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"S0022149X22000773_ref21","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042471"},{"key":"S0022149X22000773_ref7","first-page":"94","article-title":"Gallbladder adenocarcinoma with gallstone and calcified ova of Clonorchis sinensis \u2013 a case report","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Changgeng Yi Xue Za 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