{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T18:10:10Z","timestamp":1780942210561,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":289,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>An associated microbiome of any host helps it in different metabolic processes ranging from the decomposition of food to the maturation of gametes. Organisms with a parasitic mode of life, though present at nutritious sites inside their host, maintain their own microbiome. Nevertheless, the comprehensive characterization and functionality of microbiome in parasitic organisms remain understudied. We selected two nematode parasites of Kashmir Merino sheep <jats:italic>viz;<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichuris ovis<\/jats:italic> based on their higher prevalence, difference in mode of nutrition, habitation site and effect on host. The objective of the study was to explore the bacteria associated with these parasitic nematodes of sheep. We adopted a 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing approach to estimate and compare the bacterial communities present in these two nematode species. Nematode parasites from Kashmir Merino sheep were identified morphologically and confirmed with DNA characterization. <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic> was dominated by phylum Proteobacteria (57%), Firmicutes (25%), Bacteroidota (15%) and Actinobacteriota (3%). Conversely, <jats:italic>T. ovis<\/jats:italic> showed Proteobacteria (78%) followed by Firmicutes (8%), Bacteroidota (8%), Actinobacteriota (1%), Fusobacteriota (1%) and other phyla (4%). This study provides a comprehensive account of the microbiome composition of <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. ovis,<\/jats:italic> both of which are highly prevalent among Kashmir Merino sheep. Additionally, <jats:italic>T. ovis<\/jats:italic> exhibited a greater bacterial diversity compared to <jats:italic>H. contortus.<\/jats:italic> Notably, these nematodes were found to harbor certain pathogenic bacteria. This study can further be carried forward in gaining insights into the complex relationship between the microbiota of a parasite and its pathogenicity, reproductive potential and host microbiome modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x23000573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T07:24:34Z","timestamp":1697527474000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bacteria associated with ovine gut parasites <i>Trichuris ovis<\/i> and <i>Haemonchus contortus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1736-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. H.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. A.","family":"Ganai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. M.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r2","unstructured":"Anderson, MJ (2014) Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Wiley statsref: statistics reference online, 1\u201315."},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01661-6"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r3","volume-title":"Babraham Bioinformatics, Babraham Institute","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/parasitologia2020007"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-0021-3"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.10.007"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227285"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00156-I"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.07.001"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00818-9"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106277"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111725"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85282-7"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kashmir Merino: The pride of Kashmir","volume":"71","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Farming"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192164"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/19401736.2012.710210"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq706"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-017-9698-5"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.644027"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005708"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Package \u2018ggplot2\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Wickham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics. Version"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01509"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(68)90099-4"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002351"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B","author":"Gobind Singh","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187703"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02439-8"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r22","volume-title":"TrimGalore: A wrapper tool around Cutadapt and FastQC to consistently apply quality and adapter trimming to FastQ files","author":"Krueger","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050213"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r19","unstructured":"Junquera, P (2022) Trichuris spp, parasitic whipworms of dogs, cats, and livestock\u2014cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Biology, prevention, and control. Available at https:\/\/parasitipedia.net\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2601&Itemid=2883 (accessed 03 May 2023)."},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1159"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r23","first-page":"1737","article-title":"A study on morphology and morphometry of Haemonchus contortus","volume":"44","author":"Kuchai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.2016.08.003"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.12.012"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01294-18"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006867"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r41","first-page":"879","volume-title":"RStudio: integrated development for R","volume":"700","author":"Team","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r48","unstructured":"Wickham, H and Wickham, MH (2017) Package \u2018tidyr\u2019. Easily Tidy Data with\u2019Spread\u2019and \u2019Gather ()\u2019Functions."},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00171-2"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000883"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r29","first-page":"1","article-title":"The vegan package: Community ecology package","volume":"1","author":"Oksanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r47","unstructured":"Wickham, H , Fran\u00e7ois, R , Henry, L , M\u00fcller, K and Wickham, MH (2019) Package \u2018dplyr\u2019. A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 8."},{"key":"S0022149X23000573_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X23000573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T07:24:43Z","timestamp":1697527483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X23000573\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0022149X23000573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x23000573","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"e75"}}