{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T10:15:28Z","timestamp":1793873728469,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":347,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>This randomised study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of treatment protocols containing levamisole, ivermectin, or moxidectin against <jats:italic>Capillaria spp.<\/jats:italic> in naturally infected European hedgehogs (<jats:italic>Erinaceus europaeus<\/jats:italic>) presented to a British wildlife rehabilitation centre. Faecal analysis, consisting of wet mount and flotation, was performed for 229 hedgehogs weighing \u2265200g. Animals testing positive for <jats:italic>Capillaria spp.<\/jats:italic> (81%), excluding pregnant females, were randomly allocated a treatment protocol. Initially, hedgehogs (n = 50) received one of six \u2018pilot\u2019 protocols, whereas the remaining animals (n = 97) received one of three \u2018main\u2019 protocols. Faecal analysis was repeated on day 8 and day 12 after treatment initiation. Efficacy of each treatment was assessed based on <jats:italic>Capillaria<\/jats:italic> reduction rate (CRR), weight gain, presence of respiratory clinical signs, and outcome. Pilot protocols containing only moxidectin had a significantly lower CRR (\u226528.1%) compared to those with levamisole or ivermectin (\u226586.6%), whereas the main protocols containing levamisole had a significantly higher CRR (\u226593.0%) compared to those containing only ivermectin (\u226569.3%). Clinical parameters did not differ significantly between treatments, but animals with respiratory clinical signs at the end of the trial were significantly more likely to have lower CRR and test positive for <jats:italic>Crenosoma striatum. C. striatum<\/jats:italic> often appeared refractory to treatment, and managing these infections requires additional anthelmintic therapy. Based on the formulations and dosages trialled, moxidectin is not recommended for treating capillariosis in European hedgehogs, whereas levamisole given orally for two consecutive days at 25\u201335 mg\/kg is suggested as the treatment of choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x23000718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T09:55:20Z","timestamp":1702547720000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Efficacy of levamisole, ivermectin and moxidectin against <i>Capillaria<\/i> spp. in European hedgehogs (<i>Erinaceus europaeus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6382-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Van de Weyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"McVay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r19","first-page":"134","article-title":"Moxidectin and the\u00a0avermectins: consanguinity but not identity","volume":"2","author":"Prichard","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.l5944"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r2","first-page":"325","article-title":"Der\u00a0Endoparasitenbefall\u00a0wildlebender\u00a0und in\u00a0menschlicher\u00a0Obhut\u00a0befindlicher\u00a0Igel\u00a0mit\u00a0einem\u00a0Beitrag\u00a0zur\u00a0Therapie","volume":"15","author":"Barutzki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113171"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r21","first-page":"1793","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10%\/moxidectin 1% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline infection by\u00a0Capillaria\u00a0aerophila","volume":"111","author":"Traversa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology\u00a0Research"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.14"},{"key":"S0022149X23000718_r17","unstructured":"Mathews, F and Harrower, C (2020) IUCN \u2013 compliant Red List for Britain\u2019s Terrestrial Mammals. Assessment by the Mammal Society under contract to Natural England, Natural Resources Wales and Scottish Natural Heritage. 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