{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:40:40Z","timestamp":1773769240013,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>To investigate the effects of co-infection with <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis)<\/jats:italic> on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B, we enrolled clinical cases in this study, including the patients with concomitant <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> and HBV infection. In this study, we detected inhibitory receptors and cytokine expression in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels were significantly higher on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells from co-infected patients than on those from the HBV patients. In addition, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells function were significantly inhibited by <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> and HBV co-infection compared with HBV single infection, secreting lower levels of Interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and TNF-\u03b1. Our current results suggested that <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> co-infection could exacerbate T cell exhaustion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PD-1 and TIM-3 could be novel biomarkers for T cell exhaustion in patients with <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic> and chronic hepatitis B co-infection. Furthermore, it may be one possible reason for the weaker response to antiviral therapies and the chronicity of HBV infection in co-infected patients. We must realize the importance of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> treatment for HBV-infected patients. It might provide useful information for clinical doctors to choose the right treatment plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x23000871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T07:09:17Z","timestamp":1706080157000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of co-infection with <i>Clonorchis sinensis<\/i> on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8004-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuechun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minqi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X23000871_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12749","article-title":"HBV 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