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Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A ParasiteBlitz event offers a brief, intense opportunity to discover diverse parasite species and to reveal life cycles of heteroxenous parasite taxa. In this study, we describe\n                    <jats:italic>Monomyxum ligophori<\/jats:italic>\n                    n. sp., a hyperparasitic myxozoan (Monomyxidae) proliferating in two dactylogyrid monopisthocotylan flatworms (\n                    <jats:italic>Ligophorus saladensis, Ligophorus mugilinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infecting mugilid fishes (\n                    <jats:italic>Mugil cephalus, Mugil curema<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) on the Atlantic coast of North America. Furthermore, we used DNA barcoding to infer the parasite\u2019s complex life cycle, matching its hyperparasitic myxospore stages with actinospore stages infecting the polychaete\n                    <jats:italic>Streblospio benedicti<\/jats:italic>\n                    found in the same locality during the ParasiteBlitz and also reported previously from the same region. Thus we report the first life cycle of a myxozoan that most likely does not require a vertebrate host. Hyperparasitic myxozoans are rare with only five species reported worldwide to infect flatworms. This study provides more information on the previously discussed host specificity towards monopisthocotylan hosts of these monomyxid myxozoan hyperparasites. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>Monomyxum ligophori<\/jats:italic>\n                    n. sp. was detected in two out of four gill-infecting parasitic flatworms (being absent in\n                    <jats:italic>Ligophorus uruguayensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Metamicrocotyla macracantha<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) found infecting the same fish individuals during the ParasiteBlitz. Our molecular data and phylogenetic analysis support the previously suggested common origin of\n                    <jats:italic>Monomyxum<\/jats:italic>\n                    species infecting monopisthocotylan flatworms, and contribute to understanding the life cycle and host interactions of this unique hyperparasitic myxozoan lineage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x25100904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T12:13:13Z","timestamp":1764763993000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Monomyxum ligophori<\/i>\n                    n. sp. in a ParasiteBlitz: monopisthocotylans as myxozoan hosts in South Carolina and monophyly of a cosmopolitan hyperparasitic clade"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Kmentov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04nbhqj75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hasselt University"},{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5522-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Topi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04nbhqj75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hasselt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3100-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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