{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:33:08Z","timestamp":1785429188370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":141,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022149X2610145X_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cathepsin B proteins (\n                      <jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>\n                      CB) are highly antigenic molecules secreted by the parasite and represent promising candidates for vaccine development. Nanoliposomes are efficient and advanced drug delivery systems that enhance antigen stability and immunogenicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022149X2610145X_sec2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cathepsin B proteinase antigen (\n                      <jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>\n                      CBPA), either alone or loaded onto nanoliposomes, with or without aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant, in a murine model of trichinellosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022149X2610145X_sec3\" sec-type=\"materials\">\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty male Swiss albino mice were divided into two main groups: a control (non-infected and\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected subgroups) and a vaccinated groups, the later subdivided into four subgroups according to vaccination protocols. Parasitological assessment was performed on the 8th day post-infection (dpi) to evaluate adult worm burden and on the 35th dpi to assess larval burden. Histopathological examination was conducted during both the intestinal and muscular phases. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure circulating larval antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to quantify larval DNA in intestinal and muscular tissues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022149X2610145X_sec4\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaccinated groups showed significant reductions in adult worm and larval counts, accompanied by improved inflammatory responses. Circulating larval antigen levels and larval DNA quantities were markedly reduced, while serum IgM and IgG1 levels were significantly increased. The highest protective efficacy was observed in mice vaccinated with nanoliposome-loaded\n                      <jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>\n                      CBPA combined with aluminium hydroxide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022149X2610145X_sec5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>\n                      CBPA and its nanoliposome formulation showed strong protection against murine trichinellosis, with aluminium hydroxide significantly enhancing vaccine efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x2610145x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1779433351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The immuno-protective efficacy of\n                    <i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>\n                    nano-cathepsin B proteinase antigen in murine trichinellosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9176-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.M.","family":"Abou hussien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.M.","family":"El-Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.S.","family":"El-nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.M.","family":"Ali Moharam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.F.","family":"Atia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Abd-El-Shafy Lasheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sjrb944","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Menoufia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2011.26.12.1630"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.03.012"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.11.001"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008632"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04260-6"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00961-3"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2019.68134"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00135"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles improve the therapeutic effect of mebendazole treatment during the muscular phase of experimental trichinellosis","volume":"15","author":"El-Melegy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of American Science"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2021.168744"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605288"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109340"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.048"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106125"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12917"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2021.192720"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r20","first-page":"92","article-title":"The Impact of Nitazoxanide Loaded on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Experimental Trichinellosis","volume":"25","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zagazig University Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401864"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r4","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Prospectus and Concerns of Immunomodulatory Nanotechnologies and Nanoparticles Biocompatibility and Toxicity, Nanotechnology Based Microbicides and Immune Stimulators","author":"Arabiyat","year":"2025"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based strategies for vaccine development: accelerating innovation and delivery","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater Transl"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r23","first-page":"100880","article-title":"Trichinocidal activity of a novel formulation of curcumin-olive oil nanocomposite in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Khalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18001207"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4982-9"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/nvvj.2022.141188.1005"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.054"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.04.006"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00599-w"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r39","first-page":"379","article-title":"Parasiticidal efficacy of a new formulation of silver nanoparticles on Trichinella spiralis in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Taha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06737-w"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective capacity of Schistosoma haematobium recombinant cathepsin L against infection of hamsters with S","volume":"6","author":"Abdel Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"haematobium. Vaccine Research"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.98"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050901"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01286.x"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28120"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r47","first-page":"941","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Florfenicol-Chitosan Nanocomposite","volume":"64","author":"Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Chemistry"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/PHD.24026"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r34","first-page":"101","article-title":"Protective immunity against challenge infection with Trichinella spiralis in the rat","volume":"52","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Medica Nagasakiensia"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3833-9"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.857786"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-40"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r50","first-page":"223","article-title":"Kinetics Evaluation of IgM and IgG levels in the mice infected with Trichinella spiralis experimentally using ES antigens from different developmental stages of the parasite","volume":"14","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102353"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2020.113049"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007490"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-023-01586-7"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2024.2404095"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ddc2010006"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01032-1"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r6","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histology Techniques","author":"Bancroft","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/PUJ.2023.242480.1228"},{"key":"S0022149X2610145X_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040969"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X2610145X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:02:36Z","timestamp":1779433356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X2610145X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0022149X2610145X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x2610145x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e47"}}