{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:04:47Z","timestamp":1789635887319,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":259,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, the anthelmintic potential of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaves and\n                    <jats:italic>Embelia ribes<\/jats:italic>\n                    seeds was evaluated against\n                    <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    by both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    (egg hatch assay, EHA; larval development assay, LDA; and adult mortality assay, AMA) and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays (faecal egg count reduction test, FECRT). Ethanolic extract of\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MOEE) exhibited maximum inhibitory effects on egg hatching (87.77%) and larval development (86.97%) along with complete adult mortality (100% after 12 hours of incubation) @ 16.0 mg\/mL and 32.0 mg\/mL, respectively. However, ethanolic extract of\n                    <jats:italic>E. ribes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EREE) @ 16.0 mg\/mL concentration exhibited poor ovicidal (22.69%) but moderate larvicidal (77.90%) and adulticidal (80% mortality after 12 hours of incubation) effects. In EHA, MOEE showed a moderate IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 5.721 mg\/mL, while EREE failed to achieve 50% inhibition at tested concentrations (1\u201332 mg\/mL). For the LDA, both MOEE and EREE exhibited moderate IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 4.131 mg\/mL and 2.882 mg\/mL, respectively. The aqueous extract of\n                    <jats:italic>M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MOAE) exhibited highest inhibitory effect on egg hatching (89.12%), larval development (89.94%), and also caused significant mortality (100%) of adult\n                    <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in comparison to the standard drugs and other plant extracts evaluated in this study. In contrast, ERAE showed no significant effect on egg hatching or adult worm viability but notably inhibited larval development (86.97%). Both of the plant extracts contained phytochemicals like phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids with anthelmintic properties. Further,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    trial using MOAE @ 150 mg\/kg BW exhibited 72.42% FEC reduction on day 10 post-treatment as compared to fenbendazole (70.92%) and levamisole (89.01%) treated groups. The MOAE appeared effective in combating the resistant\n                    <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic>\n                    worms. This study formed a base for further\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of the mixture of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Embelia<\/jats:italic>\n                    extracts and to standardise the optimum concentration and dose for its field applicability against GI parasitism in animals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x26101941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:38:02Z","timestamp":1789634282000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of\n                    <i>Moringa oleifera<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Embelia ribes<\/i>\n                    against\n                    <i>Haemonchus contortus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ashwathappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.P.","family":"Pateer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jcfzc36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0324-3"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.215-220"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-344X.194127","article-title":"Investigation on the phytochemicals present in the fruit peel of Carica papaya and evaluation of its antioxidant properties","volume":"5","author":"Lydia","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.02.022"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56093\/ijans.v84i4.39822"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ajps.2014.511185"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r24","first-page":"64","article-title":"In vitro anthelmintic action of some indigenous medicinal plants on Ascardia galli worms","volume":"20","author":"Lal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r39","first-page":"200","article-title":"In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) leaves on Haemonchus contortus","volume":"81","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r48","first-page":"91","article-title":"Status of anthelmintic resistance of fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle of Haryana","volume":"9","author":"Vohra","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Livestock Research"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r51","first-page":"147","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in Haryana","volume":"18","author":"Yadav","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r41","first-page":"1784","article-title":"In vivo anthelmintic efficacy of powder formulation of Embelia ribes fruits and Vernonia anthelmintica seeds on ovine gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"9","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i2.2333"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r45","first-page":"167","article-title":"Anthelmintic potential of Embelia ribes seeds against Haemonchus contortus of sheep","volume":"79","author":"Swarnkar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r27","first-page":"5327","article-title":"Effects of supplementing cross-bred Xhosa lop-eared goats with Moringa oleifera Lam. on helminth load and corresponding body condition score, packed cell volume","volume":"8","author":"Moyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r23","first-page":"87","article-title":"In vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous extract of Embelia ribes","volume":"3","author":"Kekuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnology Indian Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2013.63.11.3","article-title":"Prescription-only anthelmintic drugs: the time is now","volume":"63","author":"Kaplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/510391"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.302-313"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2007.09.003"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r901","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967124"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r904","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.12.004"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2017.02.001"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.11.019"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r29","first-page":"6","article-title":"In vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya (Harms) and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) (DC) against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep","volume":"2","author":"Mutembei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r36","first-page":"18","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance: how to overcome it?","volume":"8","author":"Shalaby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r38","first-page":"200","article-title":"In vitro ovicidal activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extracts against Haemonchus contortus eggs","volume":"78","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r908","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00126B"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00219-w"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r50","first-page":"I1.1.1","article-title":"Determination of total phenolics","volume":"6","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r3","first-page":"112","article-title":"Antihelminthic activity in aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam","volume":"10","author":"Anitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r33","first-page":"111","article-title":"Assessment of anthelmintic resistance against strongylosis in goats","volume":"9","author":"Rathod","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Livestock Research"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.050"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.032"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.01.014"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3476-1_15"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.016"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r20","first-page":"69","article-title":"Screening of Vernonia anthelmintica seed and Embelia ribes fruit mixed in equal parts against gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"3","author":"Javed","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r49","volume-title":"Utilize fecal egg count to determine deworming decisions","author":"Wardynski","year":"2019"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.048"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r2","first-page":"015006","article-title":"Bioactivities of nano-scale magnesium oxide prepared using aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves as green agent","volume":"12","author":"Amrulloh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.495"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.02.005"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02745-9"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2023"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r6","first-page":"106","article-title":"Potential of Carica pubescens fruit peel as an alternative method to control Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants","volume":"32","author":"Baihaqi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r903","first-page":"647","article-title":"Spectrophotometric estimation of total alkaloids in selected Justicia species","volume":"6","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18000627"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r37","first-page":"84","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep","volume":"87","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r42","first-page":"773","volume-title":"Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals","author":"Soulsby","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201510008"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r906","article-title":"Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"3 Biotech 6"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r902","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001145"},{"key":"S0022149X26101941_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-153"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X26101941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:38:06Z","timestamp":1789634286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X26101941\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0022149X26101941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x26101941","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e98"}}