{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:05:16Z","timestamp":1789718716129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":260,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding how parasite abundance changes over time is inherently challenging, as trematodes, nematodes and cestodes degrade quickly and are poorly preserved. Here, I propose a novel approach for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of parasitic nematode infection by exploiting a key component of the snail immune system \u2013 the ability to trap and encapsulate these parasites within their shell. By utilising museum and modern collections, I was able to understand how nematode populations fluctuated in two species of snails (\n                    <jats:italic>Cepaea nemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. hortensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from three locations (Point of Ayr in Wales, Formby in England and Strathy beach in Scotland) from 1962 to 2024. I show that\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasite populations collected from Point of Ayr in 1962 were initially low, with 8% of shells infected, but this dramatically increased to 60% in 2016 and fell to 10% in 2024. The number of\n                    <jats:italic>C. nemoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    shells infected from Formby in 2016 was 18% but increased to 31% in 2024, and 27% of\n                    <jats:italic>C. hortensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    shells from Strathy beach in 2016 were infected by nematodes but plummeted to 3% in 2024. Thus, dramatic spatiotemporal changes in nematode abundance can be seen over several decades. By combining preserved snails in conchology collections with collections of modern specimens, empirical evidence of how parasite numbers change over time can be quantified.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x26102041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:59:20Z","timestamp":1789718360000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal analysis of parasitic nematodes preserved in land snail shells"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Rae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zfme737","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liverpool John Moores University, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r4","first-page":"385","article-title":"An investigation into nematodes encapsulated in shells of wild, farmed and museum specimens of Cornu aspersum and Helix pomatia","volume":"43","author":"Cowlishaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Conchology"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2451.2003.00406.x"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0163"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7636"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.3036"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.07.001"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.195511"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00126"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r13","first-page":"146","article-title":"Parasitism of molluscs by nematodes: Types of associations and evolutionary trends","volume":"35","author":"Grewal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nematology"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2007.07.004"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X2200075X"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023001"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r2","first-page":"499","article-title":"Studies on Cepaea V. Sand dune populations of Cepaea nemoralis","volume":"253","author":"Cain","year":"1968","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04695-5"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stressor interactions affect myxozoan abundance in a 42-year dataset from the Pearl River, Louisiana, USA","volume":"25","author":"D\u00edaz-Morales","year":"2026","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13264"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.4.32"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211903120"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2023.107896"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyx045"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.03.686299"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2015.03.012"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11043"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is the world wormier than it used to be? We\u2019ll never know without natural history collections","volume":"97","author":"Wood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.2379"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyv064"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2006357"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000652"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1671-6"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.1999.0757"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82106-6"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r3","first-page":"137","article-title":"Morph frequencies in the snail Cepaea nemoralis: Changes with time and their interpretation","volume":"64","author":"Cool","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"S0022149X26102041_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.13012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Helminthology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022149X26102041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:59:22Z","timestamp":1789718362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022149X26102041\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0022149X26102041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022149x26102041","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-149X","1475-2697"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-149X","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2697","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"e112"}}