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Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Translocations of rhinoceros in the 1990s provided an opportunity to investigate the vectors of filaria in Nairobi National Park and Solio Ranch in Kenya. These are high-altitude sanctuaries where rhinos have ulcerative sores attributed to the filarial nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Stephanofilaira dinniki. Rhinomusca dutoiti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the biting fly closely associated with rhino, did not harbour\n                    <jats:italic>S. dinniki<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but often harboured a small and\/or a large form of\n                    <jats:italic>Habronema. Rhinomusca dutoiti<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Kenya was nearly identical to\n                    <jats:italic>R. dutoiti<\/jats:italic>\n                    from South Africa based on gross morphology and a 798 base pair sequence from the 3\u2032 end of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene.\n                    <jats:italic>Habronema<\/jats:italic>\n                    parasites occurred alone or in combination and were smaller than larval forms of\n                    <jats:italic>H. muscae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the well-known parasite of equines. At Nairobi, prevalence of infections in the proboscis was high at 55%, with mature infections already present in young flies. This finding implied infection during larval development rather than acquisition as an adult fly. Infection patterns were similar in flies trapped or captured by hand from rhinos at Solio Ranch.\n                    <jats:italic>Habronema<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also found in a few\n                    <jats:italic>Haematobosca<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., at much lower prevalence. Parasites were measured for several body landmarks and were photographed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. These data now provide a foundation for further studies of the biology of\n                    <jats:italic>Rhinomusca<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its relationship with filarial nematodes in wildlife.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x26102144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:52:15Z","timestamp":1786441935000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Rhinomusca<\/i>\n                    as a possible vector of\n                    <i>Habronema<\/i>\n                    in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Mihok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scientist"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6561-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scholar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1040-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.F.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05msy9z54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gz6gg07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Florida International University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X26102144_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02099755"},{"key":"S0022149X26102144_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2655970"},{"key":"S0022149X26102144_r18","first-page":"389","article-title":"Effects of translocation on hematologic parameters of free-ranging black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Kenya","volume":"30","author":"Kock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X26102144_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2004.5.3.215"},{"key":"S0022149X26102144_r52","volume-title":"The Stomoxyine Biting Flies of the World. 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