{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:39:49Z","timestamp":1791085189233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13955,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A survey of the species composition and distribution of the <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> midge populations at a range of sites where bluetongue is enzootic isolated a group of dominant species: <jats:italic>C. cornutus, C. grahamii, C. magnus, C. milnei, C. pallidipennis<\/jats:italic> and C. 23.\u2020 Monthly light-trap sampling of <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> showed that the population densities of the dominant species greatly increased after the rain seasons and that these species concentrated around flocks of sheep and cattle. The larval habitats of <jats:italic>C. cornutus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. pallidipennis<\/jats:italic> were found associated with stock pens. Precipitin tests on blood-fed <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> showed that most of the dominant species regularly feed on sheep and cattle. Bluetongue virus was isolated from <jats:italic>C. milnei, C. pallidipennis<\/jats:italic> and C. 23. Serological surveys of wild and domestic bovids from the enzootic area showed a high proportion with antibody to bluetongue virus. The colonization of <jats:italic>C. cornutus<\/jats:italic>, a potential vector, is described briefly. A causal relationship between peak rainfall in April-May, peak numbers of <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> in May-June and peak bluetongue incidence in June-July is postulated. The vector status of the above species and <jats:italic>C. austeni<\/jats:italic> was evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400021239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T06:14:46Z","timestamp":1242368086000},"page":"47-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A preliminary survey of the epidemiology of bluetongue in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"A. R.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. G.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref016","first-page":"473","article-title":"Identification of blood meals of blood sucking arthropods","volume":"15","author":"Weitz","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref003","first-page":"7","article-title":"Transmission of bluetongue and horsesickness by Culicoides","volume":"19","author":"Du Toit","year":"1944","journal-title":"Onderste-poort Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref004","first-page":"483","article-title":"The role played by bovines in the transmission of bluetongue in sheep","volume":"33","author":"Du Toit","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref001","unstructured":"Atlas Of Kenya (1962). Survey of Kenya. Nairobi."},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref010","unstructured":"Khamala C. P. M. (1968). Survey of the Culicoides of East Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of East Africa, University College, Nairobi."},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref002","first-page":"759","article-title":"Current status of bluetongue in sheep","volume":"144","author":"Bowne","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/62.6.1483"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref009","first-page":"235","article-title":"The ecology and control of blood sucking ceratopogonids","volume":"26","author":"Kettle","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246571"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref015","first-page":"255","article-title":"Isolation of bluetongue virus from Texas sheep - Culicoides shown to be a vector","volume":"124","author":"Price","year":"1954","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300025323"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref011","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bluetongue in cattle","volume":"32","author":"Owen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01258159"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2401259"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref005","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Preliminary investigations on insect transmission of bluetongue in sheep","volume":"24","author":"Foster","year":"1963","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0022172400021239_ref006","first-page":"275","article-title":"Transmission of attenuated and virulent bluetongue virus with Culicoides variipennis infected orally via sheep","volume":"29","author":"Foster","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400021239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T16:19:28Z","timestamp":1559319568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400021239\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1971,3]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1971,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400021239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400021239","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1971,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1971","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}