{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:29:35Z","timestamp":1783582175437,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22171,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1948,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. In a material consisting of 417 cases of typhoid fever and 1055 cases of paratyphoid B investigated over a period of 28 years, infection with <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> was found to be considerably more serious than infection with <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> B. In childhood and among young folk the <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> B mortality was low, but in the age group over 30 it reached 5%. But even in childhood infection with <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> gave a mortality of 8\u00b75%, rising at a higher age to 16%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. Of the 1387 patients surviving the infections 13\u00b73% were found to be excreters during convalescence, 11% being temporary and 2\u00b73 % being chronic carriers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. Of the temporary carriers, 7\u00b79% were faecal and 3\u00b77 % were urinary carriers. The percentage of temporary excreters was approximately the same for the typhoid and paratyphoid B patients\u201440% were men and 60% were women. The number of temporary carriers rose with the patients' age, and in the age group over 30 years, about 15% were temporary carriers in the case of both infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. Of the temporary carriers, only one-tenth discharged the specific germ for more than 4 weeks after the cessation of the illness. After an interval of 3 months, it is most exceptional for the carrier state to cease spontaneously. We may, therefore, feel justified in fixing this interval as the dividing line between the temporary and the chronic carrier state.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. Of the typhoid patients 3\u00b73%, and of the paratyphoid B patients 1\u00b79%, became chronic carriers. Thirty-one of them were faecal and only one was a urinary excreter. There was only one child found to be a chronic typhoid carrier. Chronic carriers were also rare among young folk, and the incidence of this state rose much with age, as many as twelve of the total of thirty-two chronic carriers being over the age of 50. Eleven of these twelve were women, five being typhoid and six being paratyphoid B carriers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. Most of the chronic carriers have been kept under control for a long time. The only chronic typhoid carrier to recover spontaneously was a woman, aged 52. Cholecystectomy was performed on fourteen chronic carriers. In all the cases in which the carrier state had lasted for at least a year, gall-stones and chronic cholecystitis were found, and the specific germ was obtained in pure culture from the gall-bladder. A woman who had continued to discharge <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> for more than 1\u00bd years after the operation, ceased to do so after this interval. The object of the operation was not achieved in one case.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400036378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:32:57Z","timestamp":1242379977000},"page":"252-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Temporary and chronic carriers of <i>Salmonella typhi<\/i> and <i>Salmonella paratyphi<\/i> B"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Th. M.","family":"Vogelsang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johs","family":"B\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref011","volume-title":"Unders\u00f8gelser over Febris typhoidea i Gr\u00f8nland","author":"Krogh-Lund","year":"1940"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref012","first-page":"276","volume":"41","author":"Prigge","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arb. GesundAmt., Berl."},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref010","volume-title":"Die Bakteriologie der Salmonella-Gruppe","author":"Kauffmann","year":"1941"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)79389-5"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1932.02730280001001"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400035609"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)92124-X"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)35124-3"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700450213"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref005","author":"Garbat","year":"1922","journal-title":"Monog. Rockefeller Inst. Med. Res."},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref014","first-page":"1","volume":"46","author":"Vogelsang","year":"1929","journal-title":"Med. Rev., Bergen"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref017","first-page":"825","volume":"94","author":"Vogelsang","year":"1933","journal-title":"Norsk Mag. L\u00e6gevidensk"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1927.02690150008003"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/55.3.276"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref015","first-page":"311","volume":"47","author":"Vogelsang","year":"1930","journal-title":"Med. Rev., Bergen"},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref002","first-page":"342","volume":"105","author":"Bumke","year":"1926","journal-title":"Z. Hyg. InfektKr."},{"key":"S0022172400036378_ref001","unstructured":"Browning C. H. , Coulthard H. L. , Cruickshank R. , Guthrie K. J. & Smith R. P. (1933). Rep. Med. Res. Coun., Lond., no. 179, H.M.S.O."}],"container-title":["Journal of Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400036378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T10:43:18Z","timestamp":1559990598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400036378\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1948,9]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1948,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400036378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400036378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1948,9]]}}}