{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T19:48:42Z","timestamp":1649188122369},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22171,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1948,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Bacillus dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>Flexner<jats:italic>(Shigella paradysentriae)<\/jats:italic>grown on Lemco agar plates (without peptone) containing sulphanilamide 1\/20,000 to 1\/10,000 forms papillae which on subculture yield two strains: (1) the original strain unmodified and (2) a strain resistant to SA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The latter has arisen by discontinuous variation. There are no forms intermediate between strain (1) and strain (2).<\/jats:p><jats:p>In one such case (Exp. 1, p. 334) the no-contact race, the unmodified non-resistant strain from the primary sulphanilamide plate and the resisting variant strain were titrated in broth containing sulphanilamide in ten increasing concentrations from 1\/34,000 to 1\/5000. The first two strains, the no-contact and the unmodified non-resistant from the sulphanilamide plate grew in SA 1\/34,000 and failed in 1\/21,000, while the resisting variant grew up to the tube containing SA 1\/6000 and failed to grow in 1\/5000.<\/jats:p><jats:p>On plates containing sulphanilamide this adaptive variation takes place only in the papillae. It can also take place in broth containing, for example, SA 1\/20,000 to 1\/10,000.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There is no such thing as gradual progressive acquisition of resistance by the whole of a bacterial population exposed to a drug. Such phrases as \u2018teaching bacteria to resist\u2019 are misleading and anthropomorphic and should not be employed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Fluid cultures which show a progressive gradual increase of resistance do so as a result of an increasing percentage of resistant cells in a mixed population of resistant and non-resistant bacteria. Experiments in fluid media should always be checked and the growth analysed by plating.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Resistant strains maintain this character after prolonged growth on drug-free media.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(2) Flexner's dysentery bacillus grown on plates containing acriflavine 1\/60,000 to 1\/40,000 forms in papillae strains resistant to this drug. The non-papillary areas of colonies die early, viz. on the 3rd day. The variation in this case also is discontinuous.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(3) On the other hand, if Flexner's bacillus is grown on agar containing organic compounds of silver or arsenic (argyrol or neosalvarsan), it forms no variants resisting these drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(4) Papillae possess two biological functions:<jats:italic>(a)<\/jats:italic>they are the site of adaptive variation in response to elements in their environment, such as harmful drugs or useful sugars; (6) they are also the site of rejuvenation of senile cells and of cells affected by common unfavourable conditions such as exhaustion of food supply and accummulation, of excretory substances.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The greatest development of papillae takes place on plates which form no variants, such as plates of drug-free agar, agar plates containing sulphanilamide sown with strains resistant to sulphanilamide and plates containing organic compounds of silver or arsenic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400036482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:32:57Z","timestamp":1242379977000},"page":"331-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experiments on adaptive variation and rejuvenation:<i>Bacillus dysenteriae<\/i>Flexner, grown on media containing sulphanilamide, acriflavine, argyrol, neosalvarsan and no drug"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"F. H.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400036482_ref029","first-page":"353","volume":"86","author":"Toeniessen","year":"1921","journal-title":"Zbl. Bakt. Abt. 1, Orig."},{"key":"S0022172400036482_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400012729"},{"key":"S0022172400036482_ref023","first-page":"257","volume":"25","author":"Stewart","year":"1926","journal-title":"J. Hyg., Camb."},{"key":"S0022172400036482_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002217240001651X"},{"key":"S0022172400036482_ref021","first-page":"97","volume":"58","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1911","journal-title":"Zbl. Bakt. 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