{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:48:38Z","timestamp":1761630518847},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14410,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol. Infect."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>In practically all acute fulminating smallpox infections\u2014haemorrhagic type I cases\u2014there is severe viraemia with 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> or more infective particles of virus per ml. of blood. In most of these patients soluble antigen can be demonstrated in serum by precipitation in agar gel tests, or by the complement-fixation technique. In late haemorrhagic cases (type II) the degree of viraemia is less and soluble antigen is less often demonstrated in the blood. Five of forty type II patients recovered. The majority of the 77 patients studied were adults and bore scars of previous vaccination. Thirteen were pregnant women and 10 of these suffered from type I infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The antibody response in patients who survived 6 days or longer as determined by the estimation of precipitins, CF antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in serum, was considerably less than that seen in non-haemorrhagic smallpox patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In acute fulminating smallpox infections, the finding of virus or soluble antigen in the blood is of value in establishing the diagnosis. Soluble antigen is usually found in the blood of patients suffering from severe viraemia and with the methods used has been demonstrated only in patients who are to die of their disease. Haemorrhagic smallpox represents a generalized virus infection of unusual severity in patients who show little resistance to their infection. The cause of this unusual susceptibility is unknown but there is little evidence that specific allergy to the virus is a feature of this form of the disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI\u20131632\u201316 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400042078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T06:18:19Z","timestamp":1242368299000},"page":"619-629","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Haemorrhagic smallpox"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"A. W.","family":"Downie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"Fedson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. St","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Kempe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref010","first-page":"686","article-title":"Agar gel diffusion precipitation test in the diagnosis of haemorrhagic smallpox","volume":"50","author":"Paniker","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian J. med. Res."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1967.00300020001001"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref013","article-title":"Smallpox Eradication","year":"1968","journal-title":"Tech. Rep. Ser. Wld Hlth Org."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref009","first-page":"112","article-title":"Viraemia in haemorrhagic and other forms of smallpox","volume":"47","author":"Mitra","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Indian med. Ass."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref001","volume-title":"Smallpox","author":"Dixon","year":"1962"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)90107-X"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref008","first-page":"773","article-title":"Haemorrhagic smallpox. 2. Specific bleeding and coagulation studies","volume":"33","author":"McKenzie","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull. Wld Hlth Org."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400042054"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400042066"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref012","first-page":"353","article-title":"Pregnancy and smallpox","volume":"40","author":"Rao","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Indian med. Ass."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref011","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases","author":"Ramsay","year":"1967"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91315-7"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref006","first-page":"163","article-title":"Das Antik\u00f6rperbild der Variola-Vaccinein-fektion. 2. Serologische Untersuchungen an Variolapatienten","volume":"175","author":"Herrlich","year":"1959","journal-title":"Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde"},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref015","first-page":"13","article-title":"Virulence of variola virus isolated from smallpox cases of varying severity","volume":"55","author":"Sarkar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Indian J. med. Res."},{"key":"S0022172400042078_ref016","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Antibody response in haemorrhagic smallpox","volume":"55","author":"Sarkar","year":"1967","journal-title":"Indian J. med. 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Wld Hlth Org."}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400042078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T15:41:05Z","timestamp":1559403665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400042078\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400042078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400042078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2688","1469-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2688","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1969,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1969","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}