{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:08:24Z","timestamp":1793747304750,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12097,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>A seroepidemiological survey of a sample \u2013 roughly representative by age and sex \u2013 of 2744 persons of the Greater Athens area revealed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are highly endemic in Greece. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 72 (2\u00b76 %) of them. The subtype was identified in 70 of the 72 carriers, and 69 were ay; the other was ad. Determinant w was present in all 61 that were capable of being typed further, and a<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>3y(w) was twice as common as a<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>1y(w). Antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) was found in 514 (18\u00b77%) persons. The prevalence of the HBsAg rose rapidly with age, reaching peak values (5\u00b73%) at 20\u201329 years, while anti-HBs reached its highest value (42\u00b71%) in older age groups (50\u201359 years). The frequency of HBsAg was significantly higher in males (3\u00b74%) than in females (1\u00b75%). The percentage of infected persons who become chronic HBsAg carriers (12\u00b73%) was found higher than in other developed populations. It was also found higher in children (25%) than in adults (5\u00b75%) and in males (14\u00b76%) than in females (8\u00b71%). These data indicate that HBV infection in early life is a major risk factor in the development of HBsAg carriers and support the hypothesis that males are more likely to become HBsAg carriers than females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400055121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T09:53:18Z","timestamp":1242381198000},"page":"229-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Seroepidemiological study of HBV infections in Athens, Greece"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Papaevangelou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kyriakidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Vissoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Trichopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00376-X","article-title":"Chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Hadziyannis","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clinics in Gastroenterology"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91737-X"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref007","first-page":"453","article-title":"Australia antigen subtypes in Greece","volume":"22","author":"Hadziyannis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Iatriki"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/247038a0"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112079"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref019","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1973). Viral hepatitis. Technical Report Series no. 512."},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197304122881503"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/131.2.111"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91325-6"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref013","first-page":"259","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B infections among young Greeks","volume":"2","author":"Papaevangelou","year":"1974","journal-title":"Minerva Medica Greca"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80006-5"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/128.6.807"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/123.6.671"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60027-5"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref012","first-page":"529","article-title":"Subdeterminants d and y of hepatitis B antigen as epidemiologic markers","volume":"95","author":"Mosley","year":"1972","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01486135"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121535"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.109.4.842","article-title":"Detection of additional antigenic determinants of hepatitis B antigen","volume":"109","author":"Bancroft","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0022172400055121_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1972.03650020057011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400055121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T11:12:55Z","timestamp":1710328375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400055121\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400055121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400055121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1976","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}