{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:23:39Z","timestamp":1784193819806,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,19]],"date-time":"2009-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1255910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10549,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have tried to measure the incidence of prenatal infection in 304 infants whose mothers had had rubella at various times after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Two methods of assessment were used: first, serum obtained soon after birth was tested for specific IgM antibody; secondly, serum obtained after the age of eight months was tested for specific IgG. When maternal rubella occurred 12\u201316 weeks after the last menstrual period specific IgM antibody was detected in 28 out of 50 infants (56%). The proportion fell progressively to 12% after maternal rubella at 24\u201328 weeks, rose to 19% after rubella at 28\u201336 weeks and then to 58% when the illness occurred during the last month of pregnancy. In all, IgM antibody was detected in 77 out of 260 infants (29%). The fetus can thus be infected at any time during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, but the risk varies at different stages.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The figures for the prevalence of IgG antibody were greater throughout, because some infants had IgG who had previously lacked specific IgM. After maternal rubella at 12\u201316 weeks IgG antibody persisted in 22 out of 31 infants (71%). The proportion fell to 28% after rubella at 24\u201328 weeks and then increased progressively to 94% after rubella during the last month. In all, IgG antibody persisted in 94 out of 190 infants (49%). The true rate of fetal infection probably lies between the rates estimated from the presence of IgM antibody and the subsequent prevalence of IgG.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Infants whose mothers had rubella at any time during pregnancy should be examined regularly for possible evidence of damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400063452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,19]],"date-time":"2009-10-19T13:02:26Z","timestamp":1255957346000},"page":"381-391","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Fetal infection resulting from maternal rubella after the first trimester of pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"J. E.","family":"Cradock-Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret K. S.","family":"Ridehalgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Pattison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. O.","family":"Kangro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rubella during pregnancy. A follow-up study of children born after an opidemic of rubella in Sweden, 1951, with additional investigations on prophylaxis and troatmont of matornal rubella","volume":"51","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400026711"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400063063"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(76)90083-1"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400026243"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400055005"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref013","volume-title":"Rubella and other virus infections during pregnancy","author":"Manson","year":"1960"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196412172712501"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1965.02090030428010"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(65)90714-3"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref004","first-page":"410","article-title":"Neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura and other manifestations of rubella contracted in utero","volume":"110","author":"Cooper","year":"1965","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref010","first-page":"577","article-title":"The detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodios by radioimmunoassay","volume":"59","author":"Kangro","year":"1978","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140090011003"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400025262"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1969.03150260074010"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1980.12.issue-1.01"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1965.tb19124.x","article-title":"Results of rubella in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Pitt","year":"1965","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1965.02090030467016"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1971.02100170051003"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5704.264"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1971.3.issue-1.01"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1972.4.suppl-4.01"},{"key":"S0022172400063452_ref017","first-page":"67","article-title":"An international reference preparation for human serum immunoglobulins G, A and M: content of immunoglobulins by weight","volume":"46","author":"Rowe","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400063452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T03:47:32Z","timestamp":1590205652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400063452\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400063452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400063452","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,12]]}}}