{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:40:25Z","timestamp":1760204425490},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,25]],"date-time":"2010-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9976,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hyg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the literature on<jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>and clinical chancroid is reviewed, it becomes obvious that many significant findings have been forgotten over the years. As a result, from the time of Ducrey's original description of the organism in 1890 until about 1977, both clinical and laboratory experts in the United Kingdom believed that<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>infections were rare, generally acquired abroad, and almost impossible to confirm in the routine laboratory! In consequence it was a common view that it was not worth looking for<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>until all other possible causes of genital ulceration had been excluded. Moreover, the search for such an infection stopped as soon as any other cause for the patient's lesions had been found.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A decision to ignore this \u2018rule\u2019 in Sheffield led to our looking for<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>in specimens from an unselected series of patients with genital ulceration including a number with herpes genitalis infections. The surprise finding of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>in circumstances suggesting that it was a secondary invader made us re-examine the whole question of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>infections and chancroid and wonder if the same organism can act as a primary pathogen and as a secondary invader. An account of the media and methods we used and of the characteristics of the organism is presented. In an attempt to find out more about the characteristic coherent colonies of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>we studied them with the scanning electron microscope. It is clear that the whole subject of<jats:italic>H. ducreyi<\/jats:italic>infections has been neglected in the United Kingdom, but we believe that interest has now been aroused and progress will surely follow. Some areas for further investigation are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022172400071035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,25]],"date-time":"2010-03-25T09:12:21Z","timestamp":1269508341000},"page":"467-478","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["<i>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/i>infections \u2013 time for reappraisal"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"M. G.","family":"McEntegart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. R.","family":"Kinghorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.12.2.170-174.1980","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Haemophilus ducreyi in a clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Sottnek","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)74160-2"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1945.9"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref031","first-page":"439","article-title":"Rising incidence of chancroid in Rotterdam: epidemiological. clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"55","author":"Nayyar","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Journal of Venereal Diseases"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref035","first-page":"664","article-title":"Die Plattencultur der streptobacillen des ulcus molle","volume":"46","author":"Stein","year":"1908","journal-title":"Zeniralblatt f\u00fcr Bacteriologie (Originale B)"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1956.51"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-93-1-9"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1969.01610290088020"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref018","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Mrc System of Bacteriology","volume":"2","author":"Hewlett","year":"1929"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref022","first-page":"1273","article-title":"N. gonorrhoeae. 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Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation","volume":"85","author":"Kellog","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref014","first-page":"382","article-title":"Chancroid in Sheffield","volume":"57","author":"Hafiz","year":"1981","journal-title":"British Journal of Venereal Diseases"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.15.2.294"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1943.02840010011002"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1962.01590090015007"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1924.02650410008004"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.72.6.802-808.1956","article-title":"Nutritional studies of a virulent strain of Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"72","author":"Ajello","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.17.5.897"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.149.2.726-732.1982","article-title":"Mobilization of non-conjugative antibiotic resistance plasmids in Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"149","author":"Deneer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref025","first-page":"77","article-title":"A study of sexually transmitted disease in 200 prostitutes in Singapore","volume":"1","author":"Khoo","year":"1977","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1970.04000080060011"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91417-9"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref012","first-page":"56","article-title":"Recherches exp\u00e9rimentales sur la nature intime du principle contagieux du chancre mou","volume":"1","author":"Ducrey","year":"1890","journal-title":"Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref027","unstructured":"Kinghorn G. R. , Hafiz S. & McEntegart M. G. (1982 b). The pathogenic microbial flora of genital ulcers in Sheffield. British Journal of Venereal Diseases. (In the Press.)"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/35.6.591"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.13.4.608"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860480015004"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-61-15232"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91091-2"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1941.02820510038009"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref037","first-page":"27","article-title":"Chancroid: A study of 500 cases","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860050007002"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref007","unstructured":"Bruck C. (1915). Concerning the control of venereal diseases in the field and also a contribution to the pathogenesis of soft sore. M\u00fcnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift B1z 4, quoted by Sturm, A W. (1981) in a thesis entitled \u2018Clinical and Bacteriological Aspects of Soft Sore \u2013 Rodopi\u2019, Amsterdam 1981. p. 60."},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-3-315"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.1.50"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref003","first-page":"385","article-title":"Recherche sur la culture du bacille de Ducrey","volume":"2","author":"Bezan\u00e7on","year":"1900","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.7.1.39-43.1978","article-title":"Comparison of specimen collection and laboratory techniques for isolation of Haemophilus ducreyi","volume":"7","author":"Hammond","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref020","first-page":"928","article-title":"Des animaux vis-a-vis du bacille du chancre mou","volume":"15","author":"Himmel","year":"1901","journal-title":"Annales de l'Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"S0022172400071035_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1956.52"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022172400071035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T01:44:06Z","timestamp":1635126246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022172400071035\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1982,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1982,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022172400071035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022172400071035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1982,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Cambridge University Press 1982","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}