{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T04:09:48Z","timestamp":1784693388179,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]],"date-time":"2007-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183075200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3254,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review of the structure-function relationships in normal, diseased and reconstructed middle ears is presented. Variables used to describe the system are sound pressure, volume velocity and acoustic impedance. We discuss the following<\/jats:p><jats:p>(1) Sound can be transmitted from the ear canal to the cochlea via two mechanisms: the tympanoossicular system (ossicular coupling) and direct acoustic stimulation of the oval and round windows (acoustic coupling). In the normal ear, middle-ear pressure gain, which is the result of ossicular coupling, is frequency-dependent and smaller than generally believed. Acoustic coupling is negligibly small in normal ears, but can play a significant role in some diseased and reconstructed ears.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(2) The severity of conductive hearing loss due to middle-ear disease or after tympanoplasty surgery can be predicted by the degree to which ossicular coupling, acoustic coupling, and stapes-cochlear input impedance are compromised. Such analyses are used to explain the air-bone gaps associated with lesions such as ossicular interruption, ossicular fixation and tympanic membrane perforation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(3) With type IV and V tympanoplasty, hearing is determined solely by acoustic coupling. A quantitative analysis of structure-function relationships can both explain the wide range of observed postoperative hearing results and suggest surgical guidelines in order to optimize the post-operative results.<\/jats:p><jats:p>(4) In tympanoplasty types I, II and III, the hearing result depends on the efficacy of the reconstructed tympanic membrane, the efficacy of the reconstructed ossicular chain and adequacy of middle-ear aeration. Currently, our knowledge of the mechanics of these three factors is incomplete. The mechanics of mastoidectomy and stapedectomy are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100141568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]],"date-time":"2007-11-30T10:12:51Z","timestamp":1196417571000},"page":"715-731","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Middle ear mechanics in normal, diseased and reconstructed ears"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Saumil N.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Ravicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Rosowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1964.00750030182015"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1986.tb00145.x"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref040","first-page":"422","volume-title":"The Diseases of the Ear, their Nature, Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Toynbee","year":"1860"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(86)80022-9"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489709113411"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref030","first-page":"518","article-title":"Incus interposition techniques","volume":"82","author":"Pennington","year":"1973","journal-title":"Annals of Otology"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387995"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref035","first-page":"486","article-title":"Mechanical and acoustical analysis of middle ear reconstruction","volume":"16","author":"Rosowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Otology"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(96)80005-0"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197304000-00001"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref028","first-page":"485","article-title":"Experimental study of the acoustic properties of incus replacement prostheses in a human temporal bone model","volume":"15","author":"Nishihara","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Otology"},{"key":"S0022215100141568_ref043","unstructured":"Voss S. 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