{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:08:26Z","timestamp":1777356506805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]],"date-time":"2007-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183075200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2950,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The causative agent of rhinosporidiosis is a microscopic round body in polypoidal masses that is believed to be the sporangium of a fungus<jats:italic>Rhinosporidium seeberi<\/jats:italic>. But fungal aetiology can not be proved with certainty. Attempts to culture the fungus on various media have also been unsuccessful. In a recent study pond water samples, from water in which patients had been bathing, were analysed and a unicellular prokaryotic cyanobacterium<jats:italic>Microcystis aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>was isolated. The same cyanobacterium was demonstrated in clinical samples from patients with rhinosporidiosis. Consequent to these findings, attempts were made to culture the causative organism of rhinosporidiosis under conditions that support growth of cyanobacteria.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study describes a simple method for laboratory culture of this organism. Observations based on laser-scanning confocal microscopy, light and electron microscopy confirm that a cyanobacterium,<jats:italic>Microcystis<\/jats:italic>sp. is the causative agent of the disease. Rhinosporidiosis is the first human disease to be shown to be caused by a cyanobacterium. The findings have opened the way for development of therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215100144408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]],"date-time":"2007-11-30T10:12:08Z","timestamp":1196417528000},"page":"523-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Culture of the organism that causes rhinosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Karvita B.","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref015","first-page":"695","volume-title":"Medical Mycology","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-43-4-844"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.123.2.743-746.1975","article-title":"Isolation of a small-cell mutant in the blue-green bacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum","volume":"123","author":"Ingram","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1973.tb00208.x"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref008","first-page":"143","volume-title":"The Biology of Cyanobacteria","author":"Carr","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria","volume":"111","author":"Rippka","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of General Microbiology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08102.x"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016486009124506"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref006","first-page":"585","volume-title":"Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology","author":"Baron","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref024","first-page":"333","article-title":"An epidemiological investigation of the first outbreak of rhinosporidiosis in Europe","volume":"98","author":"Vukovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3624-5_4"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199601000-00011"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3764422"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100113490"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S008045680000404X"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref014","first-page":"49","article-title":"Mutants of Anacystis nidulans that affect cell division","volume":"71","author":"Kunisawa","year":"1970","journal-title":"Archives of Microbiology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref001","first-page":"109","article-title":"New interpretations in rhinosporidiosis, enigmatic disease of last nine decades","volume":"24","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.55.10.2569-2571.1989","article-title":"Development of a solid medium for growth and isolation of axenic Microcystis strain (Cyanobacteria)","volume":"55","author":"Shirai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.113.2.999-1005.1973","article-title":"Novel mutant impaired in division: evidence for a positive regulating factor","volume":"113","author":"Ingram","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(88)67006-6"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0227-8"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100108382"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065897780914938"},{"key":"S0022215100144408_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0227-8_7"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; 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