{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:01:16Z","timestamp":1761512476645},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]],"date-time":"2007-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183075200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2920,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the period between 1940 and 1955 the indications for tracheotomy were extended. For centuries tracheotomies were performed to treat obstructive diseases of the upper airway (hypopharynx, larynx, trachea). With the end of the second World War tracheotomy was indicated more and more for the therapy of lower airway disturbances.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Medical empiricism is thought to be responsible for the gradual shift in the indications during that period from upper to lower airway disturbances. Knowledge about the underlying principles of respiratory physiology was, however, already present at the end of the 19th century, but the shift in the indications did not occur until relatively recently. For many victims of World War II the discovery of the beneficial effect of a tracheotomy in a variety of traumatic disorders may have come too late.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s002221510014469x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,30]],"date-time":"2007-11-30T10:12:05Z","timestamp":1196417525000},"page":"624-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The shift in the indications for the tracheotomy between 1940 and 1955: an historical review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Graamans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Pirsig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Biefel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193204282061704"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01681259"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1925.145.3-4.154"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1936.02770380011003"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM189112311252702"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947608500509"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1943.02840520012003"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(47)80102-7"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348943404300114"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref002","unstructured":"Biefel K. (1983) Die Indikationen zur Tracheotomie: Eine medizingeschichtliche Studie. Dissertation, Ulm."},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref021","first-page":"80","article-title":"Tracheotomieoperationen in der vaterl\u00e4ndischen Chirurgie des 18. und der 1. Ha\u00a8lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts","volume":"26","author":"Oborin","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vestnik Otorinolaryngologic"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)92530-6"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref024","volume-title":"On chloroform and other anaesthetics: Their action and administration","author":"Snow","year":"1858"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref019","first-page":"52","article-title":"Newer indications for tracheotomy","volume":"56","author":"von Leden","year":"1952","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1914.sp001635"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref005","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Indications et technique de la trach\u00e9ostomie dans les syndromes respiratoires","volume":"79","author":"Despons","year":"1958","journal-title":"Revue de Laryngologie Otologie Rhinologie (Bord.)"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"The respiratory function in laryngectomized patients","volume":"85","author":"Heyden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngologica (Stockh)"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4889.666"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1163\/22977953-0450304017","article-title":"Tracheotomien vor 1800","volume":"45","author":"Biefel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gesnerus"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref025","first-page":"352","article-title":"Erfahrungen \u00fcber die Tamponade der Trachea","volume":"15","author":"Trendelenburg","year":"1873","journal-title":"Langenbeck's Archiv klinische f\u00fcr Chirurgie"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)31169-7","article-title":"Tracheotomy: A useful procedure in thoracic surgery, with particular reference to its employment in crushing injuries of the chest","volume":"21","author":"Carter","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Surgery"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01672254"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1913.sp001610"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref012","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbuch der allgemeinen und speziellen Chirurgie III\/1","author":"Hueter","year":"1880"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1939.0005"},{"key":"S002221510014469X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100540"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; Otology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S002221510014469X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,29]],"date-time":"2021-08-29T12:55:45Z","timestamp":1630241745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S002221510014469X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S002221510014469X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s002221510014469x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2151","1748-5460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2151","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5460","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}