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Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the fact that cartilage, cortical bone and corneal homograft tissue is still widely used in South Africa and that there has never been a reported case of human immunodeficiency virus or Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease infection transmission via this route, otolaryngologists are still reluctant to use homograft ossicles. In third world countries, such as South Africa, where ossicular prostheses are not always readily available due to financial constraints, the question arises as to whether we should be reconsidering the use of homograft ossicles. This review examines the risk of developing Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease or acquiring human immunodeficiency virus following the use of homograft ossicles during ossicular reconstruction, and discusses sterilization techniques that have proven effective in eradicating the human immunodeficiency virus and prions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>For decades, homograft ossicles have been used worldwide in otological surgery, especially in patients lacking suitable autograft ossicles. There has never been a reported case of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus, and no cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy have been reported in the literature after otological surgery involving only the use of homograft ossicles. There have only been two documented otological cases of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease; these involved the use of cadaveric dura mater and pericardium for tympanic membrane grafting. The human immunodeficiency virus is easily inactivated by simple sterilisation techniques, and there is a statistically insignificant risk of transmitting this virus if proper sterilisation protocols are followed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215107000795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,12]],"date-time":"2007-10-12T09:33:24Z","timestamp":1192181604000},"page":"111-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Revisiting the risks involved in using homograft ossicles in otological surgery"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Lubbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J J","family":"Fagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref9","unstructured":"9 European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/european_group_ethics\/docs\/avis11_en.pdf [16 September 2007]"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref3","first-page":"49","article-title":"Rapidly progressive dementia in a patient who received a cadaveric dura mater graft","volume":"34","author":"Prichard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref4","unstructured":"4 Government News Network. http:\/\/www.gnn.gov.uk\/environment\/fullDetail.asp?ReleaseID=254733&NewsAreaID=2&NavigatedFromDepartment=False [16 September 2007]"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00226-3"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(01)00634-6"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(05)70146-8"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178983"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199901000-00014"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref20","unstructured":"20 The Times, Sept 27 2004. http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/uk\/health\/article466397.ece [12 July 2007]"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084297"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199603000-00017"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30141286"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref21","first-page":"222","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization","author":"Taylor","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Tympanic membrane transplant","volume":"22","author":"Chalat","year":"1964","journal-title":"Harper Hosp Bull"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref16","first-page":"7","article-title":"A case of dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in South Africa","volume":"96","author":"Toovey","year":"2006","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-200111000-00001"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-005-5887-5"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.1999.0406"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.258.3.309"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(99)00258-4"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200307000-00030"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-003-3108-3","article-title":"Prions and orthopedic surgery","volume":"3","author":"Doerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"S0022215107000795_ref32","unstructured":"32 WHO infection control guidelines for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; 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