{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:47:03Z","timestamp":1775058423520,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The history of the parathyroid glands is a fascinating one full of famous medical names. The discovery of the glands was followed by laborious research into their anatomy, embryology and pathology and into the physiology of calcium metabolism; this led to the manufacture of hormone substitutes and, finally, to the refinement of surgical techniques. The glands were first identified in 1850 by Sir Richard Owen, conservator of the Hunterian Museum, but it was not until 1880 that the term \u2018glandulae parathyroideae\u2019 was first used. The physiology of parathyroid hormone and calcium metabolism eluded physicians and the forefathers of thyroid surgery alike for several decades more. Patients were treated as curiosities and were documented as untreatable medical patients or as inexplicable thyroid surgery complications. Halsted noticed the \u2018disastrous results from the loss of the glands\u2019 and the resulting tetany, as did Billroth. It is the patients, however, who best illustrate the journey of discovery. In this review, we discuss three cases, highlighting their contributions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215109005702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T10:29:05Z","timestamp":1246444145000},"page":"1075-1081","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["History of parathyroid gland surgery: an historical case series"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"C E B","family":"Giddings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Rimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref26","first-page":"5","article-title":"The history of hyperparathyroidism","volume":"156","author":"Thompson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref24","first-page":"218","article-title":"The hydrochloric X Sicca: a parathyroid preparation of intramuscular injection","volume":"54","author":"Hanson","year":"1924","journal-title":"Milit Surgeon"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref17","first-page":"311","article-title":"On epithelial glands with osteomalacia [in German]","volume":"116","author":"Erdheim","year":"1907","journal-title":"Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100261"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85007-4","article-title":"Extraction of parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and regulates level of blood calcium","volume":"63","author":"Collip","year":"1925","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref10","first-page":"551","article-title":"On the effects of extirpation of the thyroid gland \u2013 comments on the notes of Arthaud and Magon [in French]","volume":"3","author":"Gley","year":"1891","journal-title":"Comptes rendus des s\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie et de ses filiales"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref4","first-page":"441","article-title":"On a new gland in man and several mammals [in Finnish]","volume":"15","author":"Sandstr\u00f6m","year":"1880","journal-title":"Upsala L\u00e4karef\u00f6renings F\u00f6rhandlingar"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref7","first-page":"5","article-title":"Goitre extirpation at Billroth's clinic from 1877 to 1881 [in German]","volume":"32","author":"Wolfer","year":"1882","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"S0022215109005702_ref8","first-page":"71","article-title":"The operative story of goiter. 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