{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:40:35Z","timestamp":1788417635574,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423180800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0022215115000031_sec1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>It has been suggested that bacterial biofilms may be a causative factor in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. Involvement of exhaled nitric oxide has been previously considered, with conflicting findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215115000031_sec2\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A pilot study was performed to investigate the relationship between exhaled nitric oxide levels and the presence of tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria in children with chronic tonsillitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215115000031_sec3\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria on bioptic specimens taken during tonsillectomy were assessed by means of spectrophotometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215115000031_sec4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis was based on 24 children aged 5\u201310 years (median, 7.5 years). Biofilm-producing bacteria were found in 40.9 per cent of specimens. The median exhaled nitric oxide level was 11.6 ppb (range, 3.2\u201322.3 ppb). There was a significant relationship between the presence of biofilm-producing bacteria and increased exhaled nitric oxide levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03). Children with exhaled nitric oxide levels of more than 8 ppb were at three times greater risk of developing tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria than those with lower levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215115000031_sec5\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest the possibility of discriminating children with chronic biofilm-sustained tonsillar infections on the basis of exhaled nitric oxide levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215115000031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T07:39:56Z","timestamp":1423208396000},"page":"267-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The presence of biofilm-producing bacteria on tonsils is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide levels: preliminary data in children who experience recurrent exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Torretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Marchisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Capaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Baggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.03.020"},{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00169207"},{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.07.024"},{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref6","first-page":"134","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Haemophilus influenzae isolated from adeno-tonsil tissue samples, and its role in recurrent adenotonsillitis","volume":"27","author":"Galli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2007.18"},{"key":"S0022215115000031_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00293102","article-title":"European Respiratory Society \/American Thoracic Society (ERS\/ATS) Task Force. 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