{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:03:58Z","timestamp":1720742638076},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0022215118001950_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mules and other equine species have been used in warfare for thousands of years to transport goods and supplies. Mules are known for \u2018braying\u2019, which is disadvantageous in warfare operations. This article explores the fascinating development of surgical techniques to stop military mules from braying, with particular emphasis on the key role played by the otolaryngologist Arthur James Moffett in devoicing the mules of the second Chindit expedition of World War II.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215118001950_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PubMed database (1900\u20132017) and Google search engine were used to identify articles related to devoicing mules in the medical and veterinary literature, along with information and images on the Chindit expedition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215118001950_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reviews the surgical techniques aimed at treating braying in mules, ranging from ventriculectomy and arytenoidectomy to Moffett's approach of vocal cordectomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215118001950_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moffett's technique of vocal cordectomy provided a quick, reproducible and safe solution for devoicing mules. It proved to be advantageous on the battlefield and demonstrated his achievements outside the field of medicine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215118001950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T09:20:34Z","timestamp":1540804834000},"page":"956-960","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moffett's muted mules: the science of laryngology in the art of war"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Sekhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H A","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref20","unstructured":"American Mule Museum. 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In: https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/collections\/item\/object\/205194375 [13 November 2017]"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref14","first-page":"87","article-title":"The muting of animals of General Wingate's force operating behind the Japanese lines in Burma","volume":"17","author":"Stewart","year":"1946","journal-title":"J R Army Vet Corps"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6409.1946"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref15","first-page":"42","article-title":"The operation of muting or vocalis chordectomy in the mule","volume":"31","author":"Phillips","year":"1959","journal-title":"J R Army Vet Corps"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.09.1481","article-title":"Failure of subtotal arytenoidectomy to improve upper airway flow mechanics in exercising standardbreds with induced laryngeal hemiplegia","volume":"51","author":"Belknap","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref5","article-title":"Taking the bray out of the army mule","volume":"82","author":"Henning","year":"1918","journal-title":"Popular Science"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref12","article-title":"Curing roaring in horses","volume":"1","year":"1910","journal-title":"Mount Ida Chronicle and St Bathans Weekly News"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2004.00894.x"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00274.x"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref1","unstructured":"Spartacus Educational. Horses and Mules. In: http:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/FWWhorses.htm [12 January 2018]"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(90)80033-3"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref11","volume-title":"The Laryngeal Whistling of the Horses (Hemiplegia laryngis) and its Operative Treatment","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"1888"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref13","first-page":"87","article-title":"Specimens of equine larynx, and records of cases illustrating the results of the \u201cventricle-stripping\u201d operation for the relief of the conditions known as \u201cwhistling\u201d and \u201croaring\u201d in horses. Demonstrations of instruments specially designed for this operation","volume":"4","author":"Hobday","year":"1911","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref19","first-page":"505","article-title":"Obituaries","volume":"312","author":"Max","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref3","first-page":"2485","article-title":"Vocalization of Equus asinus: the hees and haws of donkey brays","volume":"115","author":"Browning","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"S0022215118001950_ref17","unstructured":"The 1st Chindit Expedition, Operation Longcloth, 1943. In: http:\/\/www.chindits.info\/Longcloth\/Main.htm [9 April 2017]"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; Otology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022215118001950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T21:12:14Z","timestamp":1720732334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022215118001950\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022215118001950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022215118001950","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2151","1748-5460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2151","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5460","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]}}}