{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:53:48Z","timestamp":1790776428240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0022215120002455_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215120002455_sec_a2\"><jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title><jats:p>This report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215120002455_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215120002455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1605513942000},"page":"1123-1127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"L A","family":"Vaira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sandison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Machouchas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Turilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J R","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M R","family":"Barillari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Saussez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6771","article-title":"Alterations in smell or taste in mildly symptomatic outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"323","author":"Spinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2125","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging alteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anosmia","volume":"77","author":"Politi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080627","article-title":"Objective olfactory findings in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2004.06.007","article-title":"Postviral olfactory loss","volume":"37","author":"Seiden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin N Am"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22593","article-title":"Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients","volume":"10","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2","volume":"82","author":"Netland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.04.024","article-title":"The importance of olfactory and gustatory disorders as early symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"58","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070230202","article-title":"Ultrastructural histopathology of human olfactory dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Moran","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26228","article-title":"Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00265","article-title":"Autonomic brain centers and pathophysiology of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Chigi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28993","article-title":"Clinical and radiological evaluations of COVID-19 patients with anosmia: preliminary report","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.05.013","article-title":"MRI evaluation of the olfactory clefts in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection revealed an unexpected mechanism for olfactory function loss","volume":"27","author":"Eliezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.582802","article-title":"Severity of anosmia as early symptom of COVID-19 infection may predict lasting loss of smell","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref20","article-title":"ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in head and neck tissues: a systematic review","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26269","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5801","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5801","article-title":"Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia","volume":"6","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22240","article-title":"Therapeutic use of steroids in non-chronic rhinosinusitis olfactory dysfunction: a systematic evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00449-y","article-title":"Do olfactory and gustatory psychophysical scores have a prognostic value in COVID-19 patients? A prospective study of 106 patients","volume":"49","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820926464","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction: a highly prevalent symptom of COVID-19 with public health significance","volume":"163","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/27.7.623","article-title":"Biopsies of human olfactory epithelium","volume":"27","author":"Jafek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa040","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19: mechanisms and significance","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","article-title":"Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: single-center experience on 72 cases","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.357","article-title":"The use of platelet-rich plasma in treatment of olfactory dysfunction: a pilot study","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investing Otolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00406","article-title":"Anosmia in COVID-19: a bumpy road to establishing a cellular mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Bilinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino15.365","article-title":"Safety of human olfactory mucosal biopsy for the purpose of olfactory ensheathing cell harvest and nerve repair: a prospective controlled study in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"54","author":"Andrews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00464640","article-title":"Examination and classification of human olfactory mucosa in patients with clinical olfactory disturbances","volume":"245","author":"Yamagishi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215120001826","article-title":"Smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a 60-day objective and prospective study","volume":"134","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.06.032","article-title":"Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters","volume":"89","author":"Bryche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.002","article-title":"Olfactory bulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia: the first report","volume":"27","author":"Galougahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31525-7","article-title":"Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19","volume":"396","author":"Kirschenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22624","article-title":"Treatment of post-viral olfactory dysfunction: an evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Hura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041","article-title":"More than smell \u2013 COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis","volume":"45","author":"Parma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Senses"},{"key":"S0022215120002455_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22680","article-title":"Prevalence and reversibility of smell dysfunction measured psychophysically in a cohort of COVID-19 patients","author":"Moein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; Otology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022215120002455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T10:36:08Z","timestamp":1653561368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022215120002455\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022215120002455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022215120002455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2151","1748-5460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2151","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5460","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]}}}