{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:43:58Z","timestamp":1772635438227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215121004424_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advice to patients following grommet insertion and waterproofing can vary from clinician to clinician. A laboratory based experiment was performed to determine at what depth water contamination would occur through various grommet tubes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215121004424_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel experimental ear model was developed using an artificial tympanic membrane and ventilation tubes. Water contamination was identified using an effervescent solid that reacts when in contact with water. Measures of dispersion were used to describe the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215121004424_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The average depth of water contamination was: 19.64 mm (range = 11\u201333 mm, standard deviation = 5.55 mm) using a Shepard grommet; 20.84 mm (range = 18\u201326 mm, standard deviation = 1.97 mm) with a titanium grommet; and 21.36 mm (range = 18\u201333 mm, standard deviation = 3.03 mm) using a T-tube. Water contamination was possible at depths of 11\u201333 mm. The average pressure at water effervescent activation was 0.20 kPa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215121004424_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Submersion underwater at any depth with grommets is likely to lead to middle-ear contamination. These findings are concordant with clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215121004424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1641528640000},"page":"632-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Submersion with grommets: contamination is possible at minimal depth, as demonstrated with a novel middle-ear model"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viani Hearing Institute Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5562-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Gendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viani Hearing Institute Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Viani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viani Hearing Institute Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viani Hearing Institute Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Walshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viani Hearing Institute Beaumont University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-3932-6"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref2","first-page":"CD010375","article-title":"Water precautions for prevention of infection in children with ventilation tubes (grommets)","volume":"27","author":"Moualed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(00)70042-8"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215106003136"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819844487"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2019AO4423"},{"key":"S0022215121004424_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4700-y"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; Otology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022215121004424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:59:58Z","timestamp":1772611198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022215121004424\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022215121004424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022215121004424","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2151","1748-5460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2151","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5460","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]}}}