{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:53:54Z","timestamp":1770908034519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000069_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review assessed the effectiveness of the nurse-led children's epistaxis clinic in streamlining patient care and avoiding unnecessary general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000069_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective case note review was conducted of children attending the nurse-led epistaxis clinic between 2019 and 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000069_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 718 children were seen over three years. Twelve (1.7 per cent) had a known coagulopathy. Of the children, 590 (82 per cent) had visible vessels and 29 (4 per cent) had mucosal crusting. Silver nitrate cautery was attempted under topical anaesthesia in 481 children, with 463 (96 per cent) successful cauterisations. Fifteen (3 per cent) were cauterised under general anaesthesia. Of the children, 706 (99 per cent) were prescribed nasal antiseptic preparations; this was the sole treatment for 58 (8 per cent). Blood investigations were requested for eight children (1 per cent) and haematology referral for three (0.4 per cent).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000069_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the largest published series of children's nosebleeds. Given the short-lived benefit from cautery, it is suggested that general anaesthesia should not be offered routinely. However, improved haematology referral criteria are required to increase underlying diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215124000069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T10:54:25Z","timestamp":1705316065000},"page":"431-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Managing recurrent nosebleeds in children: a retrospective review of 718 children attending a nurse-led epistaxis clinic"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivy","family":"Drake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hazel","family":"Fountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3245-5117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham","family":"Kubba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Epistaxis in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Petruson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.10.029","article-title":"Childhood epistaxis and nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"138","author":"Whymark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otorri.2018.06.007","article-title":"Depression and anxiety levels in mothers of children with epistaxis: a controlled study","volume":"70","author":"Ata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.05.011","article-title":"The pathology of visible blood vessels on the nasal septum in children with epistaxis","volume":"75","author":"Montague","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.08.041","article-title":"Nasal bacterial colonization in cases of idiopathic epistaxis in children","volume":"79","author":"Kamble","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200201000-00013","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of 178 children with recurrent epistaxis","volume":"24","author":"Sandoval","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215107001600","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of antiseptic cream for recurrent epistaxis in childhood: five-year follow up of a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Robertson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.05.013","article-title":"Pediatric epistaxis: epidemiology, management and impact on quality of life","volume":"78","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215124000069_ref4","first-page":"152","article-title":"Why is there such variation in nasal cautery rates for childhood epistaxis: deprivation or clinician behaviour? 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