{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:59:48Z","timestamp":1779292788030,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000495_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rhinological procedures demand a high degree of technical expertise and anatomical knowledge. Because of limited surgical opportunities, ethical considerations and the complexity of these procedures, simulation-based training has become increasingly important. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation models used in rhinology training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000495_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Google Scholar for studies conducted between July 2012 and July 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (\u2018PRISMA\u2019) protocol defined a final list of articles. Each validated study was assigned a level of evidence and a level of recommendation based on the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000495_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following exclusions, 42 articles were identified which encompassed six types of simulation models and 26 studies evaluated validity. The rhinological skills assessed included endoscopic sinus surgery (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 28), skull base\/cerebrospinal fluid leak repair (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14), management of epistaxis and\/or sphenopalatine artery ligation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8), and septoplasty and septorhinoplasty (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6). All studies reported the beneficial impact of their simulation models on trainee development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0022215124000495_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulation training in rhinology is a valuable adjunct to traditional surgical education. Although evidence is of moderate quality, the findings highlight the importance of simulation-based training in rhinology training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215124000495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1712829043000},"page":"838-844","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An update on simulation training in rhinology: a systematic review of evidence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4722-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J","family":"Brennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramkishan","family":"Balakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seren","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warren O.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.12.077"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2016.09.007"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24571"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41077-016-0020-3"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X221128928"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221120049"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.02.003"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21362"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22037"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599818797586"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opx262"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsbull.2021.78"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28356"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27748"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1322553","article-title":"Simulation in surgical education","volume":"25","author":"de Montbrun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12414"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-014-0040-8"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136370"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21883"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N0128"},{"key":"S0022215124000495_ref10","unstructured":"10 OCEBM levels of evidence. 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