{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:35:32Z","timestamp":1785418532357,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126104769_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of stellate ganglion block for persistent and refractory sensorineural olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126104769_sec2b\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library was conducted for studies published before December 2025. Eligible studies assessed subjective and\/or objective olfactory outcomes before and after stellate ganglion block and, when available, compared stellate ganglion block with placebo or no treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126104769_sec3c\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine studies involving 441 participants were included. Stellate ganglion block was associated with greater improvements in olfactory composite, identification and subjective scores than controls, but between-group differences were not statistically significant. Subjective and objective improvement rates following stellate ganglion block were 68.9 and 63.4 per cent, respectively. No major adverse events were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126104769_sec4d\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stellate ganglion block appears safe and may provide modest olfactory improvement, but its superiority over control treatments remains unproven, warranting further randomised controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215126104769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1779802350000},"page":"606-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of stellate ganglion block for refractory sensorineural olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056cn0e37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Seoul St Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03njmea73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Duke University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se hwan","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01fpnj063","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bucheon St Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3342\/kjorl-hns.2013.56.2.84"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.12.004"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S402197"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref18","first-page":"A221","article-title":"#36476 Cervical sympathetic chain\/\u2018stellate ganglion\u2019 block under ultrasound guidance to treat 15 year old olfactory dysfunction\/anosmia","volume":"48","author":"Thottungal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2025.1304"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577784"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420946254"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2024.103195"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.530"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2007.20.2.154"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-025-00582-z"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref3","first-page":"146","article-title":"Olfactory dysfunction: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"120","author":"Hummel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2022.3299"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.70076"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref15","first-page":"568","article-title":"The efficacy of stellate ganglion block in olfactory disorder following upper respiratory tract infection","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23314"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref7","first-page":"e35174","article-title":"A review of stellate ganglion block as an adjunctive treatment modality","volume":"15","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2013.26.1.57"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8391"},{"key":"S0022215126104769_ref11","article-title":"The efficacy of intranasal insulin in the treatment of post viral persistent olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; 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