{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1790247697305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105210_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Necrotising otitis externa is a severe, potentially life-threatening infection of the external auditory canal and skull base, first formally described by Chandler in 1968. However, historical literature suggests that its clinical features were recognised long before this, without conceptual unification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105210_sec2b\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative historical review was undertaken using primary and secondary sources, including early otological texts, case reports and modern literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105210_sec3c\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptions consistent with necrotising otitis externa appear as early as the nineteenth century, with recurrent observations of severe otitis externa, temporal bone involvement and systemic vulnerability. These remained fragmented across diagnostic categories until the mid-twentieth century. Chandler\u2019s work represents a transition from clinical observation to conceptual recognition, providing a unifying framework that enabled consistent diagnosis, comparison and subsequent study of the condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105210_sec4d\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evolution of necrotising otitis externa reflects a process of progressive recognition, offering insight into ongoing challenges in defining and studying the disease in contemporary clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215126105210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T09:51:34Z","timestamp":1782208294000},"page":"923-926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The history of necrotising otitis externa: from clinical observation to conceptual recognition"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Bisbinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kr30n36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Manchester Royal Infirmary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7763-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kr30n36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Manchester Royal Infirmary"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027m9bs27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref23","first-page":"66","article-title":"Necrotic otitis externa","author":"Ol\u2019khovski\u012d","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vestn Otorinolaringol"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1295468"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195910000-00006"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215122000858"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215125102910"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121003443"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref14","first-page":"422","article-title":"Observations d\u2019otorrh\u00e9e c\u00e9r\u00e9brale; suivies des r\u00e9flexions","volume":"6","author":"Toulmouche","year":"1838","journal-title":"Gaz Med Paris"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121004515"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref16","volume-title":"The Surgical Diseases of the Ear","author":"von Tr\u00f6ltsch","year":"1874"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215124000513"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215122002663"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref15","volume-title":"The Surgeon\u2019s Vade-Mecum: Containing the Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Surgical Diseases","author":"Hooper","year":"1809"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121003030"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196808000-00002"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780199215430.001.0001"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref13","volume-title":"The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity","author":"Porter","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref18","volume-title":"Oto-Rhino-Laryngology for the Student and Practitioner","author":"Laurens","year":"1919"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref20","volume-title":"A Synopsis of Otorhinolaryngology","author":"Simpson","year":"1957"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3182804aee"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref21","volume-title":"A Guide to Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear for General Practitioners and Students","author":"Collins","year":"1964"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-190703000-00021"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref11","volume-title":"Otorhinolaryngology: An Illustrated History","author":"Weir","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0022215126105210_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988209000223"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; 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