{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:08:14Z","timestamp":1790996894775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Laryngol. Otol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105362_sec1a\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluates contemporary therapeutic strategies for rhinophyma, emphasising evidence-based treatment selection according to disease severity and clinical grading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105362_sec2b\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured literature search of PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science was performed for studies published between 1990 and 2025 evaluating medical, surgical and laser-based rhinophyma treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105362_sec3c\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical therapy, including doxycycline and isotretinoin, is primarily beneficial in early inflammatory disease (Clark Grade I). Established fibrotic rhinophyma (Grades II\u2013IV) generally requires surgical intervention. Current Level III\u2013IV evidence supports partial-thickness sharp excision combined with adjunctive laser contouring using CO\u2082, Er:YAG and emerging blue laser technologies to improve haemostasis, tissue preservation and cosmetic outcomes. Histopathological assessment remains essential because occult malignancies may coexist within rhinophymatous tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0022215126105362_sec4d\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment should be individualised according to clinical severity. Combined excisional and laser-based approaches currently provide the most favourable functional and aesthetic outcomes, although prospective comparative studies remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022215126105362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:12:37Z","timestamp":1783591957000},"page":"963-967","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evidence-based management of rhinophyma according to disease severity and clinical grade"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuray","family":"Bayar Muluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K\u0131r\u0131kkale University, Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.08.028"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09317.x"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2011.01965.x"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001406"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000199155.73000.2f"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200203070-00005"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.053"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31815f12d2"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S201290"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20485"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.027"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002660010148"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1621713","article-title":"Cool atmospheric plasma (J-Plasma) and new options for facial contouring and skin rejuvenation of the heavy face and neck","volume":"34","author":"Gentile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61576-6"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064456"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15173"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001030-00007"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref15","unstructured":"15 Dick, MK , Patel, BC . Rhinophyma. In: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544373\/ [8 August 2023]"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70115-X"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200209010-00023"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref4","first-page":"454","article-title":"Therapeutic response of rosacea to dobesilate","volume":"10","author":"Cuevas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref5","first-page":"26","article-title":"Rosacea, reactive oxygen species, and azelaic acid","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12770"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref23","first-page":"227","article-title":"Rhinophyma treatment with blue laser","volume":"37","author":"Miranda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.024"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10001-1286"},{"key":"S0022215126105362_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351556"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Laryngology &amp; Otology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0022215126105362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:01:00Z","timestamp":1790953260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0022215126105362\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022215126105362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0022215126105362","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2151","1748-5460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2151","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-5460","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}