{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T20:22:51Z","timestamp":1793996571006,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1208217600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Outlined are two main current research concerns relating to skeletal disorders in poultry: (a) osteoporosis in egg-laying hens; (b) leg problems caused by rapid bone growth in broiler chickens. Surveys indicate that 30% of caged laying hens suffer at least one lifetime fracture (a severe welfare issue). Modern hybrids produce one egg per d for 50 weeks. For this period \u2018normal\u2019 bone turnover ceases; only medullary bone (MB) is formed, a woven bone type of limited structural value. MB is resorbed for eggshell formation alongside structural bone, leading to increased fracture risk. Avian osteoporosis is reduced by activity and genetic selection but nutrition is also important. Fluoride and vitamin K are beneficial but the timing of nutritional intervention is important. Ca, inorganic P and vitamin D must be adequate and the form of Ca is critical. Limestone fed as particulates benefits skeletal and eggshell quality. In hens fed particulate limestone compared with flour-fed hens the tibiotarsus breaking strength and radiographic density are increased at 56 weeks of age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001 respectively) and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive stained active osteoclasts (mean number per microscopic field) is decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001). In broiler (meat) chickens selection for rapid growth from approximately 50 g to 3 kg in 42 d has inadvertently produced skeletal disorders such as tibial dyschondroplasia, rickets and associated valgus\u2013varus deformities leading to lameness. The beneficial skeletal effects during growth of increased dietary <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 PUFA:<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-6 PUFA (utilising salmon oil) have been demonstrated. Experiments simulating daylight UVB levels have produced beneficial skeletal effects in Ca- and vitamin D-deficient chicks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665108007015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T08:35:05Z","timestamp":1208248505000},"page":"177-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Nutritional factors affecting poultry bone health"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2000.0392"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001643688"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref032","first-page":"25","article-title":"Influence of dietary fatty acid n-3\/n-6 balance on bone characteristics in young broilers","volume":"3","author":"McCormack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br Poult Abstr"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref009","first-page":"26","article-title":"Environmental and genetic interactions in avian osteoporosis","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br Poult Abstr"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660410001698074"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref023","unstructured":"23. Fleming RH , Bishop SC , McCormack HA , Flock DK & Whitehead CC (2000) Continued genetic selection for skeletal traits has produced laying hens with reduced likelihood of bone fracture. Proceedings of the 21st World Poultry Congress (Montreal Canada), CD-ROM, Abstr W9.03. Montreal, Canada: World's Poultry Science Association."},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref017","first-page":"693","volume-title":"Vitamin D Chemistry Biology and Clinical Applications of the Steroid Hormone\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Tenth Workshop on Vitamin D\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Strasbourg France May 24\u201329 1997","author":"Fleming","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933907001444"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.3.463"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref001","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Poultry","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.9.1054"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20020027"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669889024"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref007","first-page":"23","article-title":"Laying hens at depopulation: the impact of the production system on bird welfare","volume":"1","author":"Sandilands","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br Poult Abstr"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660086376"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.11.1617"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/1.1.6"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669708418012"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref015","first-page":"55","article-title":"Assessing bone mineral density in vivo: digitized fluoroscopy and ultrasound","volume":"82","author":"Fleming","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-005-1366-4"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660410001730941"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.3.990"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas86-119"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.75.1.104"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref016","first-page":"47","article-title":"Strain and vitamin D source effects on egg production and bone mineral density of laying hens","volume":"82","author":"Nadeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0710691"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930081"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.9.4892"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0280420"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90117-5"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/84.1.20"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669608417872"},{"key":"S0029665108007015_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.010"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0029665108007015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T19:51:58Z","timestamp":1556653918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0029665108007015\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":["Symposium on \u2018Diet and bone health\u2019"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0029665108007015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0029665108007015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6651","1475-2719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6651","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]}}}