{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:04:06Z","timestamp":1792659846576,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]],"date-time":"2011-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322179200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D insufficiency is a global issue that has significant implications for health. The classical role of vitamin D in bone mineralisation is well known; vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, osteomalacia or osteoporosis. The role of vitamin D in an immune system is less known. Vitamin D is not an actual vitamin but a secosteroid hormone produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol after exposure to sunlight UVB radiation. Nutrition and supplements are main sources of vitamin D in wintertime in northern countries as sunlight exposure is inadequate for the production. For activation vitamin D needs to be hydroxylated in liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D and in kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the most active hormone in Ca absorption in the gut. For determination of vitamin D status serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, the major circulating form of the hormone is to be measured. Vitamin D regulates gene expression through binding with vitamin D receptors, which dimerises with retinoid X receptor. This complex binds to vitamin D-responsive elements inside the promoter regions of vitamin D-responsive genes. Vitamin D has a key role in innate immunity activation; the production of antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin and defensins) following Toll-like receptor stimulation by pathogen lipopeptides is dependent on sufficient level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clinically, there is evidence of the association of vitamin D insufficiency and respiratory tract infections. There is also some evidence of the prevention of infections by vitamin D supplementation. Randomised controlled trials are warranted to explore this preventive effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665111003351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]],"date-time":"2011-11-25T12:42:15Z","timestamp":1322224935000},"page":"90-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Vitamin D and respiratory infection in adults"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Laaksi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665111003351_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1"},{"key":"S0029665111003351_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(02)64010-5"},{"key":"S0029665111003351_ref048","article-title":"The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: data from the NHANES 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