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Whilst sarcopenia means loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that predominantly affects postural rather than non-postural muscles, cachexia means loss of muscle and fat tissue that leads to weight loss. The wasting continuum in HF implies that skeletal muscle is lost earlier than fat tissue and may lead from sarcopenia to cachexia. Both tissues require conservation, and therapies that stop the wasting process have tremendous therapeutic appeal. The present paper reviews the pathophysiology of muscle and fat wasting in HF and discusses potential treatments, including exercise training, appetite stimulants, essential amino acids, growth hormone, testosterone, electrical muscle stimulation, ghrelin and its analogues, ghrelin receptor agonists and myostatin antibodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665115002438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T05:05:58Z","timestamp":1439355958000},"page":"367-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["The wasting continuum in heart failure: from sarcopenia to cachexia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0164-8"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref97","first-page":"295","article-title":"Anabolic effect of A Novel Long-Acting SARM in Rat ORX model","volume":"4","author":"Takagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.06.003"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref121","first-page":"35","article-title":"Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage III\/IV non-small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer (ACT-ONE): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international multi-centre phase II study","volume":"5","author":"Stewart Coats","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0159-5"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.090"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9725-9"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0046-2"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.649426"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0085-3"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.11.7757"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.09.009"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls078"},{"key":"S0029665115002438_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs105","article-title":"ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. 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