{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:49:05Z","timestamp":1791571745197,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancements in image-based technologies and body composition research over the past decade has led to increased understanding of the importance of muscle abnormalities, such as low muscle mass (sarcopenia), and more recently low muscle attenuation (MA), as important prognostic indicators of unfavourable outcomes in patients with cancer. Muscle abnormalities can be highly prevalent in patients with cancer (ranging between 10 and 90 %), depending on the cohort under investigation and diagnostic criteria used. Importantly, both low muscle mass and low MA have been associated with poorer tolerance to chemotherapy, increased risk of post-operative infectious and non-infectious complications, increased length of hospital stay and poorer survival in patients with cancer. Studies have shown that systemic antineoplastic treatment can exacerbate losses in muscle mass and MA, with reported loss of skeletal muscle between 3 and 5 % per 100 d, which are increased exponentially with progressive disease and proximity to death. At present, no effective medical intervention to improve muscle mass and MA exists. Most research to date has focused on treating muscle depletion as part of the cachexia syndrome using nutritional, exercise and pharmacological interventions; however, these single-agent therapies have not provided promising results. Rehabilitation care to modify body composition, either increasing muscle mass and\/or MA should be conducted, and its respective impact on oncology outcomes explored. Although the optimal timing and treatment strategy for preventing or delaying the development of muscle abnormalities are yet to be determined, multimodal interventions initiated early in the disease trajectory appear to hold the most promise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665118000046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T05:38:04Z","timestamp":1525930684000},"page":"135-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["A window beneath the skin: how computed tomography assessment of body composition can assist in the identification of hidden wasting conditions in oncology that profoundly impact outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"L. E.","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-014-1471-6"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.6043","article-title":"Loss of muscle mass during chemotherapy is predictive for poor survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Blauwhoff-Buskermolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.816421"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.431","article-title":"The impact of body composition parameters on ipilimumab toxicity and survival in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"116","author":"Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2016.09.008","article-title":"Drug dose per kilogram lean body mass predicts hematologic toxicity from carboplatin-doublet chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Sj\u00f8blom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-5811-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of sarcopenia in patients with esophagogastric junction cancer or upper gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kudou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.08.008"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3827-0","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of exercise interventions in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review","author":"Heywood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3110-4"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3603-1","article-title":"Sarcopenia\/muscle mass is not a prognostic factor for short- and long-term outcome after esophagectomy for cancer","volume":"40","author":"Grotenhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2266","article-title":"Body composition as a predictor of toxicity in patients receiving anthracycline and taxane-based chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Shachar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30950","article-title":"Muscle mass at the time of diagnosis of nonmetastatic colon cancer and early discontinuation of chemotherapy, delays, and dose reductions on adjuvant FOLFOX: The C-SCANS study","volume":"123","author":"Cespedes Feliciano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2534-3"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.011","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: a probable risk factor for dose limiting toxicity during neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Anandavadivelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.031"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186547","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with increased hospital expenditure in patients undergoing cancer surgery of the alimentary tract","volume":"12","author":"van Vugt","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.340"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2835-y"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12381","article-title":"Prognostic and clinical impact of sarcopenia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Harada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28798"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2012.724536"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00151-X"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216311418709"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9258"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2017.143","article-title":"Oral nutrition as a form of pre-operative enhancement in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Bruns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.017","article-title":"ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Kazemi-Bajestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref142","first-page":"CD004597","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia","author":"Dewey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2017.17.e8","article-title":"Body composition as a prognostic factor of neoadjuvant chemotherapy toxicity and outcome in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer","volume":"17","author":"Palmela","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.621","article-title":"Lean body mass as an independent determinant of dose-limiting toxicity and neuropathy in patients with colon cancer treated with FOLFOX regimens","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114550189"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.07.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31819a4789","article-title":"Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"249","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-015-0546-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with severe postoperative complications in elderly gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy","volume":"19","author":"Fukuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00744.2004"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0403"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0145-y"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp605"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2016.08.030","article-title":"Impact of different sarcopenia stages on the postoperative outcomes after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer","volume":"161","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115000129"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037563"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127589"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5360-7","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with chemotherapy toxicity in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Chemama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12221","article-title":"Psoas as a sentinel muscle for sarcopenia: a flawed premise","volume":"8","author":"Baracos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27273"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2013.08.008"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12180","article-title":"Psoas muscle area is not representative of total skeletal muscle area in the assessment of sarcopenia in ovarian cancer","volume":"8","author":"Rutten","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115895"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-4285-2"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref66","first-page":"e39","article-title":"Impact of body composition parameters on clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer treated with docetaxel","volume":"13","author":"Cushen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12055"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000690"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6077-y","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and sarcopenic visceral obesity are associated with poor prognosis after resection of pancreatic cancer","volume":"24","author":"Okumura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12107","article-title":"Loss of skeletal muscle during neoadjuvant chemotherapy is related to decreased survival in ovarian cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Rutten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12224"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-016-2538-1","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and quality as risk factors for postoperative outcome after open colon resection for cancer","volume":"31","author":"Boer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12155","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle radiation attenuation and visceral adiposity are associated with overall survival and surgical site infections in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"van Dijk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.123521"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.32"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000061","article-title":"Body composition by computed tomography as a predictor of toxicity in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib","volume":"40","author":"Cushen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12394"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3562-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle depletion during chemotherapy has a large impact on physical function in elderly Japanese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"17","author":"Naito","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28218"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2014.953259"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318293a825"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3067"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0058"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7823"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2012.643133"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183576","article-title":"Fish oil mitigates myosteatosis and improves chemotherapy efficacy in a preclinical model of colon cancer","volume":"12","author":"Almasud","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1004728"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.58"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24214","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of pulmonary complications after esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer","volume":"113","author":"Nishigori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.11.040"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.01.011"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.024"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1115"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-075"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3900-2","article-title":"Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"158","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2012.638433"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2016.05.040","article-title":"Lower muscle density is associated with major postoperative complications in older patients after surgery for colorectal cancer","volume":"42","author":"Margadant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5385-y","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenic obesity on surgical site infection after laparoscopic total gastrectomy","volume":"23","author":"Nishigori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2013.07.001"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4559-3"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4429-z"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3148\/74.2.2013.69"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0113-y"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129742"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-016-0592-x","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance training to improve muscular strength and body composition in cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Padilha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0940","article-title":"Skeletal muscle measures as predictors of toxicity, hospitalization, and survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving taxane-based chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Shachar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010023","article-title":"Inadequacy of body weight-based recommendations for individual protein intake-lessons from body composition analysis","volume":"9","author":"Geisler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0964-9"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4475","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle density is associated with poor survival in patients who receive chemotherapy for metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"35","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.2722"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2242"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref5","first-page":"408","article-title":"Linking age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and composition with metabolism and disease","volume":"9","author":"Janssen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2012.01327.x"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/601434"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2016.10.014","article-title":"Low muscle attenuation is a prognostic factor for survival in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first line palliative chemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Rier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12161","article-title":"Skeletal muscle density is an independent predictor of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma outcomes treated with rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3963-1","article-title":"Markers of sarcopenia quantified by computed tomography predict adverse long-term outcome in patients with resected oesophageal or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","volume":"26","author":"Tamandl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5495-6","article-title":"Skeletal muscle quality is associated with worse survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary, nonpancreatic cancer","volume":"24","author":"Van Rijssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.010","article-title":"Skeletal muscle radiodensity is prognostic for survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Sj\u00f8blom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70153-0"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169136","article-title":"Prognostic impact of CT-quantified muscle and fat distribution before and after first-line-chemotherapy in lung cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Nattenm\u00fcller","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2011.00301.x"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608C"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0200","article-title":"Explaining the obesity paradox: the association between body composition and colorectal cancer survival (C-SCANS study)","volume":"26","author":"Caan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139749"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.12.030","article-title":"Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Shachar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.09.010"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.9730"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.06.026"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-1976-9"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.08.005","article-title":"The impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on outcomes of unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Rollins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002398","article-title":"Sarcopenia: prevalence, and impact on operative and oncologic outcomes in the multimodal management of locally advanced esophageal cancer","volume":"266","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-4281-6"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12201","article-title":"A randomized phase II feasibility trial of a multimodal intervention for the management of cachexia in lung and pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Solheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2016.09.006","article-title":"Sarcopenia in overweight and obese patients is a predictive factor for postoperative complication in gastric cancer: a prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Lou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Overweight and obese patients with solid tumors may have sarcopenia, poor prognosis and early features of cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Prado","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Body Composition Research"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23862"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-1923-5"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.01.022","article-title":"Prediction of everolimus toxicity and prognostic value of skeletal muscle index in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Auclin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2014.894103"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-016-0546-5","article-title":"Clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2017.06.005","article-title":"Prediction of 90 day and overall survival after chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer: role of performance status and body composition","volume":"29","author":"Bowden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.05.027","article-title":"Muscle composition measured by CT scan is a measurable predictor of overall survival in advanced ovarian cancer","volume":"142","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140403"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-015-3205-3"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref67","article-title":"Computed tomography diagnosed cachexia and sarcopenia in 725 oncology patients: is nutritional screening capturing hidden malnutrition?","author":"N\u00ed Bhuachalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref69","article-title":"The relationship between tumour stage, systemic inflammation, body composition and survival in patients with colorectal cancer","author":"McSorley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24015"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10075","article-title":"Influence of body composition profile on outcomes following colorectal cancer surgery","volume":"103","author":"Malietzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2015.07.001"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-017-0464-x","article-title":"Sarcopenic overweight is associated with early acute limiting toxicity of anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma patients","volume":"35","author":"Valentine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-010-1288-y"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000011"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.08.071"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000743"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23976"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.635"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12285","article-title":"Prognostic impact of fat tissue loss and cachexia assessed by computed tomography scan in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy","volume":"93","author":"Camus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.350"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.060228"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4558-4"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.4.1321","article-title":"Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study","volume":"88","author":"Frontera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref127","article-title":"Loss of skeletal muscle during systemic chemotherapy is prognostic of poor survival in patients with foregut cancer","author":"Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511500419X","article-title":"Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: the skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later","volume":"75","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv322"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0081-2"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.144"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr556"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.214","article-title":"Oral nutritional supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect quality of life and functional status in lung cancer patients during multimodality treatment: an RCT","volume":"66","author":"van der Meij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25709"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2008.06.005"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.009"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.5724"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3148\/73.4.2012.e298"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115004279","article-title":"Sarcopenia and cachexia in the era of obesity: clinical and nutritional impact","volume":"75","author":"Prado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2014.996661"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3394-7"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.1081"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00558-6","article-title":"Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials","volume":"17","author":"Temel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000628"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1525"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001113"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001067"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0169"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12047"},{"key":"S0029665118000046_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0053-6"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0029665118000046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]],"date-time":"2019-04-14T17:05:30Z","timestamp":1555261530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0029665118000046\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0029665118000046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0029665118000046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6651","1475-2719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6651","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2018\u00a0","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}