{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:09:27Z","timestamp":1790802567980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00014\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00014\/4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FS\/18\/56\/35177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FS\/18\/56\/35177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG\/17\/12\/33167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/17\/12\/33167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an ever increasing prevalence of maternal obesity worldwide such that in many populations over half of women enter pregnancy either overweight or obese. This review aims to summarise the impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes. Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes. However, beyond this exposure to maternal obesity during development also increases the risk of her offspring developing long-term adverse cardiometabolic outcomes throughout their adult life. Both human studies and those in experimental animal models have shown that maternal obesity can programme increased risk of offspring developing obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction; type 2 diabetes with peripheral insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction; CVD with impaired cardiac structure and function and hypertension via impaired vascular and kidney function. As female offspring themselves are therefore likely to enter pregnancy with poor cardiometabolic health this can lead to an inter-generational cycle perpetuating the transmission of poor cardiometabolic health across generations. Maternal exercise interventions have the potential to mitigate some of the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring health, although further studies into long-term outcomes and how these translate to a clinical context are still required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665122001914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T06:07:33Z","timestamp":1659506853000},"page":"227-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Programming by maternal obesity: a pathway to poor cardiometabolic health in the offspring"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Inzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Ozanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-0863-0"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.919728"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.037"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101079"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.658439"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00316.2007"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.11.926"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref17","first-page":"705","article-title":"Childhood body mass index \u2013 genetic and familial environmental influences assessed in a longitudinal adoption study","volume":"16","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord J Int Assoc Study Obes"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0808"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101477"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00049.2014"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00876"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2016.01.004","article-title":"Maternal obesity: lifelong metabolic outcomes for offspring from poor developmental trajectories during the perinatal period","volume":"47","author":"Zambrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450820749X"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800548"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1285"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276372"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref5","unstructured":"5. Davies, SC (2014) Chief Medical Officer Annual Report 2014: Women's Health. Lond. Dep. Health."},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120980"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139402"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0098"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1248-7"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.008"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1848"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15971"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.178"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1150"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051632"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref4","unstructured":"4. WHO (2021) Non-communicable diseases. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases (accessed 22 December 2021)."},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14227"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040407"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12561"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095004"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S329972"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52583-x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275422"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.11.003"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2009.04.008"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0957"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2009.047183"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.858318"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.206"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref2","unstructured":"2. Dobbs, R , Sawers, C , Thompson, F (2014) Overcoming obesity: An initial economic analysis. McKinsey global institute."},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.09.029"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.06.009"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1243368"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110989"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.162"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00072.2009"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00159914"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00355.2004"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1508"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.05.023"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy082"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.084947"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6809.1019"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000047511.97879.FC"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.05.050"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1808"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12859"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03084.x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216959110"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12725"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-434"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173937"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1614"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05037-y"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00433.2012"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272123"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2642-08.2008"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.070060"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20206"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30151-0"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00930-2"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0429"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12300"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040357"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12637"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4539"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005870"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800988R"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.24656"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2000"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2017.07.002"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref3","unstructured":"3. WHO (2018) World Health Organisation \u2013 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) (accessed 23 January 2019)."},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160184"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01571-z"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20163"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00050.2013"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00366.x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.25.2899"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115994"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1471511"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050671"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123090"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9407"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.088989"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0709"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3543-x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000890"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27769"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2417"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1131"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04547-3","article-title":"Fetal growth and coronary heart disease in south India","volume":"348","author":"Stein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055711"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.9"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0849"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21078"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.08.024"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02671"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002079"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0419"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7112.837"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2077"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1379"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121248"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1314"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.86"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4662"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1308"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12223"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190033"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00335.2004"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1295"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050663"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69078"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7106.449"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07395-2"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","article-title":"Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences","volume":"4","author":"Poston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2010.02005.x","article-title":"Maternal overnutrition impacts offspring adiposity and brain appetite markers-modulation by postweaning diet","volume":"22","author":"Rajia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.03.025"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.057"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.08.002"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277698"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.02.003"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00146.2009"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00688.2013"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20191229"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.037"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.201681"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189977"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709253371301"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-016-1265-9"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000171113.36624.86"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.052"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174410000231"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.780300"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00354.2004"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000835"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0321"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.033"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093267"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00227-2"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref1","unstructured":"1. WHO (2018) World Health Organisation \u2013 Obesity and overweight. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight (accessed 29 April 2019)."},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112678"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref104","first-page":"e1315796","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and risk of congenital heart defects in infants: a dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2336"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3527"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060582"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002582"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00491.2011"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0037"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14202"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz0359"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.150"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1383"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref99","first-page":"228","article-title":"Islet cell response to high fat programming in neonate, weanling and adolescent Wistar rats","volume":"15","author":"Cerf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pancreas"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80967-X"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6016.985"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7181.427","article-title":"Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: longitudinal study","volume":"318","author":"Eriksson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.07.003"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199803)15:3<220::AID-DIA544>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12817"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22664"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0088"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4891-4"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-227918"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010181"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08694-4"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.44"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0301"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1878"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010146"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.005306"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.12.007"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00815.x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174414000117"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2358391"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.089649"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14694"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00434.2010"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44650"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4842-0"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28166"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1854-8"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0639-y"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0056"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2010.08.004"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.014"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197334"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4343"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-142315"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00951-7"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-75"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.018879"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23525"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00641.2020"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00691"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001","article-title":"The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health","volume":"82","author":"Roseboom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01531.x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz181"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.42"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1115"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.06.003"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.129916"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.11.006"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000614"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0770"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2014.01.007"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy262"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref205","first-page":"903","article-title":"Effect of physical activity and\/or healthy eating on GDM risk: the DALI lifestyle study","volume":"102","author":"Simmons","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03366.x"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2583"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137742"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13738"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.40"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00795.2015"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0178-8"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-091637"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14841"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181b5419a"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084594"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01511"},{"key":"S0029665122001914_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00013.2019"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0029665122001914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T03:06:22Z","timestamp":1700881582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0029665122001914\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"references-count":237,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0029665122001914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0029665122001914","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6651","1475-2719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6651","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}