{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:44:58Z","timestamp":1786999498451,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this paper is to review the global effort to eliminate iodine deficiency and its impact on public health. Iodine is an essential component of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans due to inadequate thyroid hormone production that are termed the iodine deficiency disorders. The major adverse effect is impaired cognition in children. The WHO's first estimate of the global prevalence of goitre in 1960 suggested that 20\u201360 % of the world's population was affected, with most of the burden in low- and middle-income countries. Iodine deficiency was identified as a key global risk factor for impaired child development where the need for intervention was urgent. This spurred a worldwide effort to eliminate iodine deficiency led by a coalition of international organisations working closely with national governments and the salt industry. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency is carefully monitored iodisation of salt. The reach of current iodised salt programmes is remarkable: in 2018, 88 % of the global population used iodised salt. The number of countries with adequate iodine intake has nearly doubled over the past 20 years from 67 in 2003 to 118 in 2020. The resulting improvement in cognitive development and future earnings suggests a potential global economic benefit of nearly $33 billion. Iodine programmes are appealing for national governments because the health and economic consequences are high and can be easily averted by salt iodisation, a low-cost and sustainable intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665122002762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T04:43:15Z","timestamp":1667364195000},"page":"113-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The remarkable impact of iodisation programmes on global public health"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007361004"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref3","first-page":"258","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120334S303","article-title":"Processed foods as an integral part of universal salt iodization programs: a review of global experience and analyses of Bangladesh and Pakistan","volume":"33","author":"Spohrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70225-6"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60112-3"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26811C"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref21","unstructured":"21. Global Fortification Data Exchange (GFDx) (2022) Available at http:\/\/www.fortificationdata.org (accessed August 2022)."},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.151u025"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref19","unstructured":"19. Kelly, FC & Snedden, WW (1960) Prevalence and geographical distribution of endemic goiter. Monograph series World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref23","unstructured":"23. The Iodine Global Network. Global scorecard of iodine nutrition in 2020 in the general population based on schoolage children. IGN: Ottawa, Canada. Available at https:\/\/www.ign.org\/scorecard.htm (accessed August 2022)."},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0651"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60076-2","article-title":"Child development: risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries","volume":"369","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref29","first-page":"551","volume-title":"Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","author":"Caulfield","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref32","volume-title":"Guidance on the Monitoring of Salt Iodization Programmes and Determination of Population Iodine status","year":"2018"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy015"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref4","unstructured":"4. Iodine: Food Fact Sheet. British Dietetic Association. https:\/\/www.bda.uk.com\/resource\/iodine.html (accessed September 2022)."},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref9","first-page":"195","volume-title":"The Damaged Brain of Iodine Deficiency","author":"Bleichrodt","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref24","first-page":"518","article-title":"Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30034-7"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011","article-title":"Iodine deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.06.003"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3952"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref17","first-page":"73","article-title":"Collaboration to optimize dietary intakes of salt and iodine: a critical but overlooked public health issue","volume":"90","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016003098"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032002"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00528.x","article-title":"Assessment of iodine nutrition in populations: past, present, and future","volume":"70","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0719"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00263-6"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref22","unstructured":"22. UNICEF. Global database, 2019, based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other nationally representative household surveys, 2013\u20132018. Percentage of households consuming salt with any iodine, 2018 2019. Available at https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/nutrition\/iodine\/ (accessed August 2022)."},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz134","article-title":"A systematic review of the sources of dietary salt around the world","volume":"11","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.1068"},{"key":"S0029665122002762_ref2","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. 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