{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:59:21Z","timestamp":1791331161060,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,28]],"date-time":"2007-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172620800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2860,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. Nutr. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The folates are made up of a pterdine ring attached to a\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -aminobenzoate and a polyglutamyl chain. The active form is tetrahydrofolate which can have C\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    units enzymically attached. These C\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    units (as a formyl group) are passed on to enzymes in the purine pathway that insert the C\u22122 and C\u22128 into the purine ring. A methylene group (\u2212CH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2212) attached to tetrahydrofolate is used to convert the uracil-type pyrimidine base found in RNA into the thymine base found in DNA. A further folate cofactor, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, is involved in the remethylation of the homocysteine produced in the methylation cycle back to methionine. After activation to\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -adenosylmethionine this acts as a methyl donor for the dozens of different methyltransferases present in all cells. Folate deficiency results in reduction of purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and consequently DNA biosynthesis and cell division. This process is most easily seen in a reduction of erythrocytes causing anaemia. Reduction in the methylation cycle has multiple effects less easy to identify. One such effect is certainly on the nerve cells, because interruption of the methylation cycle causing neuropathy can also happen in vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    deficiency due to reduced activity of the vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    -dependent enzyme methionine synthase (\n                    <jats:italic>EC<\/jats:italic>\n                    2.1.1.13). In vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    deficiency, blocking of the methylation cycle causes the folate cofactors in the cell to become trapped as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This process in turn produces a pseudo folate deficiency in such cells, preventing cell division and giving rise to an anaemia identical to that seen in folate deficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665199000580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,25]],"date-time":"2011-02-25T06:17:50Z","timestamp":1298614670000},"page":"441-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":255,"title":["Folate and vitamin B\n                    <sub>12<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/89.8.561"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref012","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Folate in Health and Disease","author":"Mason","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90007-4"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref008","first-page":"703","article-title":"Maternal plasma folate and vitamin B12 are independent risk factors for neural tube defects","volume":"86","author":"Kirke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830340205"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref017","first-page":"63","article-title":"Folate\/vitamin B12 interrelationship","volume":"28","author":"Scott","year":"1994","journal-title":"Essays in Biochemistry"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90165-5"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90649-8"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref021","first-page":"394","volume-title":"Encyclopaedia of Human Nutrition","author":"Weir","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.8.862"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref022","first-page":"763","article-title":"A genetic defect in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in neural tube defects","volume":"88","author":"Whitehead","year":"1995","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6019.1176"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref001","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Frontiers of Biology","author":"Blakley","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref004","volume-title":"The Megaloblastic Anaemias","author":"Chanarin","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530210052030"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420510205"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19940072"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref002","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Folate in Health and Disease","author":"Bottiglieri","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960315)62:2<179::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.6.1790","article-title":"Unmetabolized folic acid in serum: acute studies in subjects consuming fortified food and supplements","volume":"65","author":"Kelly","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12049-3"},{"key":"S0029665199000580_ref003","first-page":"639","volume-title":"Bailliere's Clinical Haematology","author":"Carmel","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0029665199000580","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1557423205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0029665199000580\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0029665199000580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0029665199000580","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6651","1475-2719"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6651","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2719","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}}}