{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:40:18Z","timestamp":1778542818240,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10597,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen clones of variable antigen type 052 of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> stock S. 427 were derived and maintained as animal-infective bloodstream forms <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for up to 60 days of cultivation. The antigenic composition of such clones was monitored weekly by immunofluorescent analysis of viable trypanosomes, using antisera raised to isolated variant-specific surface glycoproteins of both 052 and a variable antigen type (221) which consistently appeared in the first relapse population of type 052 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The appearance of new variants was detected in 9 of the 18 clones 18\u201346 days following initiation of the clone and variable antigen type 221 was found in all 9 clones. On one or more occasions in 8 of such clones, viable trypanosomes were found which did not react with either antiserum but were mouse-infective on the 4 occasions tested and probably represent other variable antigen types. The process of antigen, variation <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> appears to resemble the process <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> except that new variant types are detected earlier <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. This possibly results from different growth rates of the trypanosomes <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, together with the fact that elimination of the initial variant population by the host's immune response facilitates the detection of newly arising variable antigen types <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000000810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:48:22Z","timestamp":1244220502000},"page":"359-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Antigenic variation in clones of animal-infective <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i> derived and maintained <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"J. J.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hirumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hirumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. N.","family":"Lupton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. A. M.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/274034a0"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1978.0057"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60441-5"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref010","first-page":"217","article-title":"Ueber Partialfunktionem der Zelle","volume":"56","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1909","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchener medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref002","volume-title":"The Genetics of Paramecium aurelia","author":"Beale","year":"1954"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.4.1989"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200004717X"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(74)90023-X"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.139.5.1061"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(71)90090-7"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000022071"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref016","first-page":"405","article-title":"Cultivation of bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"55","author":"Hirumi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000822"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(63)90292-7"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1973.tb02037.x"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000046540"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200002206X"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8855-9_4"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref011","first-page":"296","article-title":"Ueber serumfeste Trypanosomenstaemme","volume":"3","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1908","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Immunit\u00e4tsforschung und experimentelle Therapie"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271501a0"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref017","first-page":"379","article-title":"Cloning of African trypanosomes in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells","volume":"14","author":"Hirumi","year":"1978","journal-title":"In vitro"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.905822"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref020","first-page":"49","article-title":"Le m\u00e9canisme de la cr\u00e9ation des vari\u00e9tes de trypanosomes resistants aux anticorps","volume":"66","author":"Levaditi","year":"1909","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Biologique"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273723a0"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273613a0"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref014","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Biology of the Kinetoplastida","volume":"1","author":"Gray","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0031182000000810_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.558652"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000000810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T19:26:47Z","timestamp":1558898807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000000810\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000000810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000000810","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,4]]}}}