{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:14:37Z","timestamp":1774026877318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20429,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1953,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An investigation of the occurrence of helminthic intestinal parasites in the population of central and southern Iraq led to the discovery that human trichostrongylosis is relatively common in man along the banks of the Shatt-al-Arab and the lower course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the Basrah area the incidence is 25\u00b74% and at Nasriyah 14\u00b72% but it falls rapidly along the northward course of the rivers and is absent in the centre and north of the country. This is correlated with the occurrence of heavy shade cast by palm forest, high humidity due to the presence of perennial swamps, and the occurrence of grass and other carpet plants in the south; which jointly provide the conditions necessary for the development and survival of the free-living stages of<jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Hookworm (<jats:italic>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/jats:italic>) is more evenly distributed over the area and is common farther north where conditions are more arid; owing to the fact that the free-living stages can develop under much drier conditions than those of<jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>, probably mainly on moist defaecation sites near irrigation channels.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The species of<jats:italic>Trichostrongylus<\/jats:italic>involved is not known but is probably<jats:italic>T. colubriformis<\/jats:italic>which is common locally in sheep and has been found in man at Abadan by Marsh (1949). Infection is presumably contracted by ingestion of greenstuff carrying infective juveniles.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Since infections are light, symptoms minimal and treatment ineffective care should be taken to differentiate trichostrongylosis from ancylostomiasis in order that no unnecessary medication be undertaken.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The world incidence of human trichostrongylosis is higher than was formerly believed. The available reports are reviewed, and it is concluded that not less than fifty million persons harbour this worm throughout the globe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000018369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T17:57:57Z","timestamp":1244224677000},"page":"102-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Human trichostrongylosis and its relationship to ancylostomiasis in southern Iraq, with comments on world incidence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref032","first-page":"94","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of hookworm, Strongyloides and Trichostrongylus with special reference to mixed infestations","volume":"49","author":"Watson","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. (Hyg.)"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref031","first-page":"939","article-title":"Sur la d\u00e9termination des strongylides humaines d'apr\u00e8s les dimensions de leurs \u0153ufs","volume":"27","author":"Van Slype","year":"1934","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pat. exot."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref030","first-page":"262","article-title":"A case of Trichostrongylus infection with notes on the identification of ova","volume":"30","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref027","volume-title":"Iraq irrigation Handbook. Part I. The Euphrates","author":"Sousa","year":"1944"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref022","first-page":"41","article-title":"Parasitological survey in the Far East. VI. An epidemiological survey of Kyushu Island, Japan","volume":"35","author":"Ritchie","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1948.3.365"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref019","volume-title":"Veterinary Helminthology and Entomology","author":"Monnig","year":"1947"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4634.983-b"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref016","first-page":"409","article-title":"Notizen zur Helminthologie Aegyptens. VI. Das Genus Trichostrongylus n.g., mit zwei neuen gelegentlichen Parasiten des Menschen","volume":"39","author":"Looss","year":"1905","journal-title":"Zbl. Bakt. (1. Abt. Orig.)"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3273366"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref014","first-page":"29","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. XL. An epidemiologic survey of Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands","volume":"36","author":"Hunter","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref013","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. IX. An epidemiologic survey on Shikoku Island, Japan","volume":"37","author":"Hunter","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref026","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effect of environment on the survival of the free-living stages of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and other nematode parasites of range sheep in south-eastern Montana","volume":"9","author":"Seghetti","year":"1948","journal-title":"Amer. J. Net. Res."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref011","first-page":"35","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. IV. An epidemiological survey in Yamanashi Prefecture, Honshu, Japan","volume":"34","author":"Hunter","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1948.3.359"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1927.tb142801.x","article-title":"The effect of light and of drying on infective hookworm larvae","volume":"2","author":"Heydon","year":"1927","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref007","first-page":"290","article-title":"Onderzoed naar her voorkomen van ankylostomenlarven in den groud in Kampongs te Batavia","volume":"62","author":"De Nooij","year":"1922","journal-title":"Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref001","first-page":"420","article-title":"Investigations on the control of hookworm disease. XXIII. Experiments on the factors determining the length of life of infective hookworm larvae","volume":"3","author":"Augustine","year":"1923","journal-title":"Amer. J. Hyg."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4630.737"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref003","first-page":"185","article-title":"The prevalence and epidemiology of hookworm and other helminthic infections in India","volume":"14","author":"Chandler","year":"1926","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74441-2"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref023","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. VIII. An epidemiologic survey of the Tone River area, Japan","volume":"37","author":"Ritchie","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref021","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. V. An epidemiological survey in Okayama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan","volume":"36","author":"Ritchie","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"This wormy world","volume":"33","author":"Stoll","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref012","first-page":"20","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. VII. An epidemiological survey in south Korea","volume":"35","author":"Hunter","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref008","volume-title":"Human Helminthology","author":"Faust","year":"1949"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref024","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. X. An epidemiological survey on Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"36","author":"Ritchie","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref002","first-page":"407","article-title":"The epidemiology of hookworm and other helminthic infections on Assam tea estates","volume":"13","author":"Chandler","year":"1925","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref025","first-page":"17","article-title":"Parasitological studies in the Far East. XII. An epidemiologic survey of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan","volume":"37","author":"Ritchie","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Parasit."},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000025002"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000083517"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref005","first-page":"27","article-title":"The ecology of the immature phases of trichostrongyle nematodes. II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host","volume":"39","author":"Crofton","year":"1948","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000018369_ref017","first-page":"710","article-title":"Trichostrongylus infection in man","volume":"76","author":"Maplestone","year":"1941","journal-title":"Indian Med. Gaz."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000018369","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T07:40:24Z","timestamp":1589874024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000018369\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1953,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1953,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000018369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000018369","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1953,5]]}}}