{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:34:31Z","timestamp":1792024471561,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12910,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1973,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The biology of the life-cycle of<jats:italic>Trichuris suis<\/jats:italic>of the pig is described and discussed together with aspects of the hosi-parasite relationship. Development of the infective L. 1 larval stage within the egg was shown to be influenced by temperature. Following ingestion of infective ova by the pig, all subsequent larval development to the adult stage occurred in the mucosa of the caecum and colon. Eggs hatched in the distal region of the small intestine and throughout the large intestine. Larvae then penetrated the caecum and colonic mucosa via the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn, where they entered the cells lining the crypts. The ensuing histotrophic phase lasted 13 days, during which time a gradual larval migration occurred from the deeper regions of the lamina propria to areas immediately beneath the surface mucosal epithelium. Luminal development was initially seen on day 16 when the posterior extremities of larvae were protruded into the gut lumen; from day 20 the entire posterior body region was exposed, while only the filamentous anterior region of the parasite remained embedded in the mucosal surface. The prepatent period varied from 41 to 47 days. Four moults were observed during development within the host and these occurred on days 10, 16, 20, 32 and 37 (to form the L. 2, L. 3, L. 4 and L. 5 or adult stage respectively). It is suggested that although<jats:italic>T. suis<\/jats:italic>may not be an important pathogen in its own right, its activities in the caecal and colonic mucosa may cause sufficient damage to enable secondary pathogenic invaders to become established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000046497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T12:12:40Z","timestamp":1244203960000},"page":"253-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Studies on the biology of the life-cycle of<i>Trichuris suis<\/i>Schrank, 1788"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"R. J. S.","family":"Beer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00004995"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref024","unstructured":"Powers K. G. (1961). Bionomics of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761, in sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref021","first-page":"315","article-title":"Particolare aspetto della Trichurosi in suini","volume":"14","author":"Mioli","year":"1959","journal-title":"Zooprofilassi"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref032","first-page":"416","article-title":"An agent possibly associated with swine dysentery","volume":"86","author":"Taylor","year":"1970","journal-title":"The Veterinary Record"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.88.17.436"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1972.34023"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref001","first-page":"47","article-title":"Early developmental stages of nematodes occurring in swine","author":"Alicata","year":"1935","journal-title":"United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000041202"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref028","first-page":"36","article-title":"[The treatment of trichuriasis of pigs]","author":"Shevtsov","year":"1962","journal-title":"Veterinariya U.S.S.R."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref023","unstructured":"Opitz H. M. (1963). Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Entwicklung des Peitschenwurmes des Hundes Trichuris vulpis. Dissertation, Berlin, 41 pp."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"The pathology of Trichuris, Capillaria and Trichinella infections","volume":"37","author":"Beck","year":"1968","journal-title":"Helminthological Abstracts"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33978-X","article-title":"Spirochaetal invasion of the colonic mucosa in a syndrome resembling swine dysentery following experimental Trichuris suis infections in weaned pigs","volume":"13","author":"Beer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref025","first-page":"262","article-title":"Experimental infections of swine with Trichuris suis","volume":"21","author":"Powers","year":"1960","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.8.4.548","article-title":"Clinical observations on Trichocephalus trichiura (whipworm) infestation in children","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"1951","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000045121"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref027","first-page":"63","article-title":"Trichuris suis infection in young pigs","volume":"65","author":"Schoneweis","year":"1970","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician U.S.A."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3799160"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref008","unstructured":"Dalchow W. (1964). Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Entwicklung des Peitschenwurmes Trichuris ovis (Abilgaard, 1795). Dissertation, Berlin, 58 pp."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on the life history of Trichocephalus vulpis, the whipworm of dogs","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"1947","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Research, Section D"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03050426","article-title":"Studies on the life history of Trichuris ovis","volume":"40","author":"Thapar","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, Section B"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref026","first-page":"292","article-title":"Indagini orientative sulla distribuzione dei nematodi gastro-intestinali dei suini in Italia","volume":"20","author":"Restani","year":"1969","journal-title":"Veterinaria Italiana, Italy"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274772"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref029","unstructured":"Shlikas A. V. & Medzyavichus A. K. (1969). [Studies on the biology of the nematode Trichocephalus muris Schrank, 1788]. Materially Nauchroi Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obschestva Gel'mintologov: Institut Gel'mintologii K. I. Skryabina, Moscow. Part 1, 334\u20138."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref031","unstructured":"Sysov I. V. (1968). [Biology of Trichuris suis.] Materially Konferentoii posvyashchennoi pamyati. N. V. Badanina, Tashkat. Publishei: Izdatel'ftvo \u2018Fau U.Z.S.S.R.\u2019"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref011","first-page":"519","article-title":"Severe chronic canine diarrhoea associated with Balantidium-Trichuris infection","volume":"149","author":"Ewing","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref022","first-page":"24","article-title":"[Experimental clinical study of trichocephaliasis in swine]","author":"Mozgovoi","year":"1952","journal-title":"Veterinariya U.S.S.R."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref012","first-page":"61","article-title":"Swine dysentery. 1. Inoculation of pigs with Treponema hyodysenteriae (new species) and reproduction of the disease","volume":"67","author":"Harris","year":"1972","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician U.S.A."},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref018","first-page":"392","article-title":"La trichurose du porc","volume":"48","author":"Marion","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bulletin Mensuel de la Societ\u00e9 V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Pratique de France"},{"key":"S0031182000046497_ref009","first-page":"139","article-title":"Studies on the biology and life history of Trichuris ovis (Abilgaard) Smith. I. 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