{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:29:49Z","timestamp":1789187389358,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9196,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following inoculation of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>into large mammals by the tsetse fly a local skin reaction, the \u2018chancre\u2019, develops due to trypanosome proliferation. We have cannulated the afferent and efferent lymphatics of the draining lymph node in goats and examined the onset of a cellular reaction, the emigration of the parasite from the chancre and the development of both antigenic variation and the specific immune response. The chancre first became detectable by day 3 post-infection, peaked by day 6 and then subsided. Lymphocyte output increased 6- to 8-fold by day 10 and the number of lymphoblasts increased 50-fold in this period. Both then declined. Trypanosomes were detected in lymph 1\u20132 days before the chancre, peaked by days 5\u20136, declined during development of the chancre and then peaked again. The bloodstream population appeared by days 4\u20135 and displayed different kinetics from that in lymph. Recirculation of parasites through the lymphatics ensued. Lymph-borne trypanosome populations were highly pleomorphic. Parasites in lymph expressed firstly a mixture of the Variable Antigen Types (VATs) which are found characteristically in the tsetse fly, this being followed by a mixture of other VATs. The two groups overlapped in appearance. In the bloodstream the same sequence of events occurred although 2 or 3 days later. The specific antibody response, as measured by radioimmunoassay and agglutination, arose within a few days of the first detection of each VAT. Activities appeared first in the lymph and then in plasma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000054354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:31:34Z","timestamp":1244219494000},"page":"67-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Parasite development and host responses during the establishment of<i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>infection transmitted by tsetse fly"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"J. D.","family":"Barry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. L.","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1957.11685836"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1959.11685900"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000045200"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(69)90046-0"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1967.sp001902"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080562"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000046059"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref002","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes","author":"Barry","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.37.1.287","article-title":"Capping of variable antigen on Trypanosoma brucei, and its immunological and biological implications","volume":"37","author":"Barry","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(80)90168-4"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/272613a0"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(62)90088-3"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000810"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref017","first-page":"17.1","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Immunology","author":"Hunter","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref030","first-page":"204","volume-title":"Immunology of Parasitic Infections","author":"Vickerman","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref029","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. II. Comparative studies on two antigenic type collections","volume":"55","author":"Van Meirvenne","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de M\u00e9decine tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref020","volume-title":"Techniques with Trypanosomes","author":"Lumsden","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90110-9"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90213-X"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref022","first-page":"15.1","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Immunology","author":"Minden","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. I. Rationalization of the experimental approach","volume":"55","author":"Van Meirvenne","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de M\u00e9decine tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080574"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90120-7"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(80)90099-7"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref009","first-page":"375","article-title":"The appearance of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in lymph following challenge of goats with infected Glossina morsitans morsitans","volume":"37","author":"Emery","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.4.1715","article-title":"Trypanosoma rhodesiense blood forms express all antigen specificities relevant to protection against metacyclic (insect form) challenge","volume":"129","author":"Esser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref008","first-page":"137","article-title":"The sequential cellular changes in the local skin reaction produced in goats by Glossina morsitans morsitans infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei","volume":"37","author":"Emery","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000834"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200004717X"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(80)91109-3"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(77)90055-8"},{"key":"S0031182000054354_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049714"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000054354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T14:38:22Z","timestamp":1685025502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000054354\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000054354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000054354","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,2]]}}}