{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T23:06:04Z","timestamp":1697497564901},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7431,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attempts were made to immunize goats by infection with large numbers of metacyclic trypanosomes of a clone of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>, followed by chemotherapy. Five groups of 6 goats each were infected intradermally with 5 different doses of cultured metacyclics of<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>, ranging from 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>to 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>trypanosomes\/goat. Four weeks after infection, the goats were treated with 10 mg\/kg diminazene aceturate (Berenil, Hoechst A.G.). Three weeks after treatment, 3 goats in each group were challenged intradermally with 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>homologous metacyclics derived from culture. The remaining 3 goats in each group were challenged by 20 tsetse infected with the homologous clone. Five out of 30 goats were resistant to homologous challenge; 4 of the goats that had been challenged with cultured parasites, and 1 that had been challenged by tsetse. In each group 1 goat was protected. Protection was therefore not apparently influenced by the number of trypanosomes used to establish the primary infection. In another experiment, 6 goats were each infected by feeding 100 tsetse on the goats for 15 consecutive days. Three weeks after infection the goats were treated with Berenil and 3 weeks later challenged by 20 tsetse infected with the homologous clone. Three out of the 6 goats resisted challenge. The susceptible goats in both experiments, however, showed a reduction in the peak of parasitaemia following challenge compared with both challenge controls and the initial infections. Lytic antibodies to cultured metacyclics of<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>were detected in goats that resisted challenge after a primary infection with cultured metacyclics, and in resistant and susceptible goats after a primary infection by tsetse. All infected goats produced lytic antibodies to live bloodstream forms, as well as antibodies to bloodstream form lysates (demonstrated by ELISA). It is suggested that the immunity that had been induced in some of the experimental animals is due to antibody responses to both metacyclic and bloodstream variable antigen types (VATs) expressed during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000058807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:06:23Z","timestamp":1244217983000},"page":"383-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Attempts to protect goats against challenge with<i>Trypanosoma vivax<\/i>by initiation of primary infections with large numbers of metacyclic trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"G. J.","family":"Vos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Moloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. T.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref025","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Immunofluorescence and Related Staining Techniques","author":"Wilson","year":"1978"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081634"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006546X"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063460"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/306389a0"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref014","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"31","author":"Hajduk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(83)90036-X"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90428-7"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8855-9_4"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811969"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001128"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000585"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref013","first-page":"118","volume-title":"In Vitro Methods of Parasite Cultivation","author":"Gray","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref007","unstructured":"De Gee A. L. W. (1980). An attempt to immunise against Trypanosoma vivax by cyclical infection followed by treatment. In Host-Parasite Relationships in Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax with Special Reference to the Influence of Antigenic Variation. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 113\u2013136. University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref021","first-page":"307","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the parasitological techniques currently available for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis in cattle","volume":"37","author":"Paris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref003","unstructured":"Akol G. W. O. , Murray M. , Hirumi H. , Hirumi K. & Moloo S. K. (1985). Infectivity to cattle of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense grown in vitro. II. Immunogenicity of the parasites. In Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense in cattle: the role of the early events, following cyclically-transmitted infection, in induction of immunity and in host susceptibility. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 147\u2013165. University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687300"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref022","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref009","first-page":"345","volume-title":"The Host Invader Interplay","author":"Emery","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063447"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref016","first-page":"249","article-title":"Functional properties of bovine IgG1 and IgG2: interaction with complement, macrophages and skin","volume":"38","author":"McGuire","year":"1979","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref026","first-page":"384","article-title":"The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"27","author":"Woo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref023","first-page":"55","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic medicine","volume":"53","author":"Voller","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1982.tb00451.x"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.54.2.444-447.1986","article-title":"Apparent exhaustion of the variable antigenic repertoire of Trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle","volume":"54","author":"Nantulya","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182000058807_ref015","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Characterisation of Trypanosoma vivax metacyclic trypomastigotes propagated in vitro. 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