{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:57:46Z","timestamp":1791262666191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8465,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The nuclear DNAs of 71 trypanosome stocks from different African countries, representative of the three <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic> subspecies, and one <jats:italic>T. evansi<\/jats:italic> stock, have been analysed by the combined use of restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis and molecular hybridization with both trypanosome surface-antigen-specific and undefined genomic DNA probes. In contrast with <jats:italic>T. brucei brucei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> stocks, all the <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic> stocks are characterized by a conserved, specific DNA band pattern, regardless of the probe. This allows <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic> to be non-ambiguously identified. On the contrary, <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>, which could not be discriminated by the same criteria, both yield highly variable DNA band patterns. Our data confirm that domestic animals like pig, dog and sheep constitute a potential reservoir for <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>. Using a numerical analysis of the DNA hybridization patterns we have measured the degree of similarity between the 72 trypanosome stocks. This investigation shows that all <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic> stocks are included in the same homogeneous population, while the stocks from the two other subspecies seem to be distributed in several heterogeneous groups, some of these showing correlation with the geographical origin of the trypanosomes. It is concluded that (i) <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic> stands out as a real subspecies that has undergone a distinct evolution relative to the \u2018non-<jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>\u2019 group, (ii) the alleged <jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> subspecies does not fit with any of the groups evidenced by our cladistic analysis and hence does not appear as a distinct subspecies and (iii) \u2018non-<jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>\u2019 trypanosomes are probably evolving much more rapidly than <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>. Different aspects of trypanosome relationships and evolution are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000063435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:20:57Z","timestamp":1244218857000},"page":"31-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The use of DNA hybridization and numerical taxonomy in determining relationships between <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i> stocks and subspecies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Paindavoine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Geltmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Le Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mehlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Steinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.322279"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref045","first-page":"105","article-title":"Identity of Trypanozoon stocks isolated from man and domestic dogs in Liberia","volume":"35","author":"Zillmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref044","first-page":"247","article-title":"A serological study on human Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections using a microscale enzyme linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"26","author":"Voller","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/12.22.8319"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90370-7"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001335"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90105-8"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90239-3"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1971465523","article-title":"Interrelations immuno-taxonomiques de T. brucei, T. rhodesiense et T. gambiense","volume":"46","author":"Le Ray","year":"1971","journal-title":"Annales de Parasitologie humaine et compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(77)90052-3"},{"key":"S0031182000063435_ref024","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. 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