{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:41:18Z","timestamp":1789656078682,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6153,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A double-blind placebo trial was conducted to determine the effect of moderate to high loads of<jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>(whipworm) infection on the cognitive functions of 159 school children (age 9\u201312 years) in Jamaica. Infected children were randomly assigned to Treatment or Placebo groups. A third group of randomly selected uninfected children were assigned to a Control for comparative purposes. The improvement in cognitive function was evaluated using a stepwise multiple linear regression, designed to control for any confounding variables. The expulsion of worms led to a significant improvement in tests of auditory short-term memory (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.02;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01), and a highly significant improvement in the scanning and retrieval of long-term memory (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). After 9 weeks, treated children were no longer significantly different from an uninfected Control group in these three tests of cognitive function. The removal of<jats:italic>T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>was more important than<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>in determining this improvement. The results suggest that whipworm infection has an adverse effect on certain cognitive functions which is reversible by therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000063800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:24:55Z","timestamp":1244211895000},"page":"539-547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Moderate to heavy infections of<i>Trichuris trichiura<\/i>affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Nokes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Grantham-McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. W.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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