{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:04:12Z","timestamp":1762297452756},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":8406,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes experiments which demonstrate the presence of a parasite-induced or derived factor in the haemocoel of <jats:italic>Onchocerca lienalis<\/jats:italic>-infected simuliids. Haemolymph, when transferred from previously infected donor flies to previously untreated recipient flies, using fine glass needles, confers protection against a subsequent challenge to the recipients. In three trials using <jats:italic>Simulium ornatum<\/jats:italic> sl. or <jats:italic>S. linealum<\/jats:italic>, significant levels of protection in \u2018immunized\u2019 compared to \u2018challenge control\u2019 groups were achieved (84% and 81% with <jats:italic>S. ornatum<\/jats:italic> sl. and 85% with <jats:italic>S. lineaturm<\/jats:italic>). This is despite the fact that the worm burdens of the infected donor groups in the three trials were very different (means of 33\u00b71 and 3\u00b74 larvae\/fly with <jats:italic>S. ornatum<\/jats:italic> sl. and 1\u00b76 larvae\/fly with <jats:italic>S. linealum<\/jats:italic>). The use of sham-operated and bentonite-inoculated control groups demonstrate that this effect is not merely a non-specific reaction to trauma, but is probably parasitic in its derivation. The use of double infections separated by 4 days shows that the donor flies have themselves probably acquired resistance to <jats:italic>O. lienalis<\/jats:italic>. Frequency distributions of <jats:italic>O. lienalis<\/jats:italic> burdens in individual flies show that there is a shift froni a normal to a skew distribution when comparing \u2018challenge control\u2019 flies with \u2018immunized\u2019. This possible acquired resistance could have important implications in the transmission of forest and savanna human onchocerciasis by the <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic> complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000064040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:20:47Z","timestamp":1244218847000},"page":"269-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acquired resistance to <i>Onchocerca lienalis<\/i> infections in <i>Simulium ornatum<\/i> Meigen and <i>Simulium lineatum<\/i> Meigen following passive transfer of haemolymph from previously infected simuliids (Diptera, Simuliidae)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"P. J.","family":"Ham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-305X(81)90027-6"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90153-5"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref013","first-page":"212","article-title":"Blood meal enhanced Onchocerca development and its correlation with fecundity in laboratory reared blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae)","volume":"35","author":"Ham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmedizinund Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1964.11686217"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref022","unstructured":"Mellor P. S. (1971). Studies on Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet and Henry, 1910) and its development in Culicoides, Latrielle. Ph.D. thesis, University of London."},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(81)90038-X"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0000643X"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687248"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687299"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref033","first-page":"254","article-title":"On the development of Onchocerca volvulus in mosquitoes","volume":"28","author":"Zielke","year":"1977","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000064040_ref011","first-page":"61","article-title":"The effect of experimental Onchocerca infections on the fecundity and oviposition of laboratory reared Simulium sp. 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